Several recent studies have shown a link between health and stair usage. One recently completed study shows that people who live in stairs-only apartment buildings (that is, buildings without elevators) live an average of three years longer than do people who live in buildings with both elevators and stairs. A second study shows that elderly residents of buildings with elevators make, on average, twice as many visits to doctors each year as do residents of buildings without elevators. Furthermore, several doctor's offices are reporting that residents of stairs-only buildings scored higher than average on questionnaires administered to new patients, in which the patients were asked to rate several aspects of their own health (e.g., fitness, sleep quality, susceptibility to injury, etc.). The clearest explanation for these findings is that the moderate daily exercise required of residents who must use the stairs instead of elevators increases people's health and longevity.
Write a response in which you discuss one or more alternative explanations that could rival the proposed explanation and explain how your explanation(s) can plausibly account for the facts presented in the argument.
The author of this explanation linked health and climbing up stairs. His assumptions were based on two studies: The first study states that people, who are can use stairs only, have a better lifetime than those, who can use stairs and elevators. The second study reports that the number of old patients who have no elevators is the half of those, who have elevators. Moreover, he connected health and even longevity with exercise routine of climbing up the stairs. Before this explanation can be evaluated, three questions must be answered:
First of all, how many floors have buildings with elevators and without elevators? Many buildings, which have no elevators, are either old or have no more than 2 floors. On the other hand, a lot of buildings, that facilitate an elevator, provide no lifts for the first two floors. In this case, residents of these two types of buildings spend the same amount of effort. If this assumption has any impact on the first survey, this would weaken the connection between health and climbing stairs, as it generalizes the idea, which all residents of a building with a lift facility are using only elevators.
Secondly, what are the patients in the second study complaining about? For instance, two buildings in the same district, where a plumbing accident caused a disease in this area. One of the buildings has a lift, while the other has only stairs. A possible scenario that people from both buildings would visit the doctor because they might have the same symptoms. Generally, old people are more vulnerable to sickness, though the author of the explanation assumes that, the visits of grey-haired to doctors can be related to the usage of staircases. This assumption is critical, especially when any other explanation is provided.
Finally, what is the lifestyle of residents of a building, that has a staircase? Stairs climbing can be absolutely beneficial to health, even though it is too incapable to affect the overall health. For example, people, who choose a building without any lift, tend to have a fitness lifestyle. Thus, they are more likely to avoid junk food, practice exercise daily - other than stair climbing- , cook their own meals and expose themselves to fresh air on a daily basis. Therefore, they have a better health. So, stair climbing could be a factor in supporting health. Yet it cannot be considered as the main reason. As a result, the assumption is considered to be superficial to be taken as a proof of the argument.
In conclusion, the argument, as it stands, cannot be efficiently evaluated due to its reliance on unwarranted assumptions. If this explanation to be clearly evaluated, the questions above must be answered, then and only then a concrete evaluation could be credible.
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Comments
Essay evaluation report
Attribute Value Ideal
Final score: 3.5 out of 6
Category: Satisfactory Excellent
No. of Grammatical Errors: 0 2
No. of Spelling Errors: 0 2
No. of Sentences: 26 15
No. of Words: 460 350
No. of Characters: 2221 1500
No. of Different Words: 213 200
Fourth Root of Number of Words: 4.631 4.7
Average Word Length: 4.828 4.6
Word Length SD: 2.637 2.4
No. of Words greater than 5 chars: 164 100
No. of Words greater than 6 chars: 112 80
No. of Words greater than 7 chars: 95 40
No. of Words greater than 8 chars: 59 20
Use of Passive Voice (%): 0 0
Avg. Sentence Length: 17.692 21.0
Sentence Length SD: 7.635 7.5
Use of Discourse Markers (%): 0.654 0.12
Sentence-Text Coherence: 0.275 0.35
Sentence-Para Coherence: 0.471 0.50
Sentence-Sentence Coherence: 0.067 0.07
Number of Paragraphs: 5 5
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 149, Rule ID: WHO_NOUN[1]
Message: A noun should not follow "who". Try changing to a verb or maybe to 'who is a are'.
Suggestion: who is a are
...es: The first study states that people, who are can use stairs only, have a better life...
^^^^^^^
Line 7, column 394, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Put a space after the comma, but not before the comma
Suggestion: ,
...rcise daily - other than stair climbing- , cook their own meals and expose themsel...
^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
finally, first, if, moreover, second, secondly, so, then, therefore, thus, while, for example, for instance, in conclusion, as a result, first of all, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 25.0 19.6327345309 127% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 14.0 12.9520958084 108% => OK
Conjunction : 9.0 11.1786427146 81% => OK
Relative clauses : 15.0 13.6137724551 110% => OK
Pronoun: 29.0 28.8173652695 101% => OK
Preposition: 52.0 55.5748502994 94% => OK
Nominalization: 14.0 16.3942115768 85% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 2306.0 2260.96107784 102% => OK
No of words: 460.0 441.139720559 104% => OK
Chars per words: 5.01304347826 5.12650576532 98% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.6311565067 4.56307096286 101% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.77598647289 2.78398813304 100% => OK
Unique words: 226.0 204.123752495 111% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.491304347826 0.468620217663 105% => OK
syllable_count: 712.8 705.55239521 101% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.59920159681 94% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 8.0 4.96107784431 161% => OK
Article: 8.0 8.76447105788 91% => OK
Subordination: 9.0 2.70958083832 332% => Less adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 1.0 1.67365269461 60% => OK
Preposition: 4.0 4.22255489022 95% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 25.0 19.7664670659 126% => OK
Sentence length: 18.0 22.8473053892 79% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 46.3956894549 57.8364921388 80% => OK
Chars per sentence: 92.24 119.503703932 77% => OK
Words per sentence: 18.4 23.324526521 79% => OK
Discourse Markers: 6.72 5.70786347227 118% => OK
Paragraphs: 5.0 5.15768463074 97% => OK
Language errors: 2.0 5.25449101796 38% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 7.0 8.20758483034 85% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 10.0 6.88822355289 145% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 8.0 4.67664670659 171% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.209328088783 0.218282227539 96% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0590717525886 0.0743258471296 79% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0465069000246 0.0701772020484 66% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.11259768085 0.128457276422 88% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0535132120926 0.0628817314937 85% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 11.4 14.3799401198 79% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 61.67 48.3550499002 128% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 7.1628742515 123% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.1 12.197005988 75% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.78 12.5979740519 94% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.1 8.32208582834 97% => OK
difficult_words: 104.0 98.500998004 106% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 11.5 12.3882235529 93% => OK
gunning_fog: 9.2 11.1389221557 83% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.9071856287 76% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 66.67 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 4.0 Out of 6
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.