A fossil skeleton of a dinosaur called Sinosauropteryx, preserved in volcanic ash, was discovered in Liaoning, China, in 1996. Interestingly, the fossil included a pattern of fine lines surrounding the skeletal bones. Some paleontologists interpret the lines as evidence that Sinosauropteryx had feathers. However, critics have opposed the idea that Sinosauropteryx was a feathered dinosaur, citing several reasons.
First, the critics point out that the fine lines may not even represent functional structures of a living dinosaur, but rather structures that were formed after the animal’s death. After the animal died and was buried in volcanic ash, its skin may have decomposed into fibers. The skin fibers then became preserved as lines in the fossil; the lines were misinterpreted as evidence of feathers.
Second, even if the fine lines are remains of real structures of a Sinosauropteryx, scientists cannot tell with certainty what part of the dinosaur’s anatomy the structures were. Many dinosaurs had frills, ornamental fan-shaped structures growing out of some parts of their bodies. Some of the critics argue that the lines surrounding the skeleton are much more likely to be fossilized remains of frills than remains of feathers.
A third objection is based on the fact that the usual functions of feathers are to help animals fly or regulate their internal temperature. However, the structures represented by the lines in the Sinosauropteryx fossil were mostly located along the backbone and the tail of the animal. This would have made the structures quite useless for flight and of very limited use in thermoregulation. This suggests that the lines do not represent feathers.
The reading is about the Sinosauropteryx was not a feather dinosaur. It provides three supporting ideas in order to strengthen its claim. However, the professor strongly believe the Sinosauropteryx was a feather dinosaur. She refutes each of the passage reason.
First, the article states that the fine line was not a working structure of living dinosaur because it was formed after the animals death. But, the lecturer denies this claim. She explains, the fine lines were not due to the result of decomposition because there was not seen any other fossil buried on that site. And also, due to volcanic ash the skin fiber were better preserved and that was the evidence of feathers.
Second, the reading asserts that there was a confusion on scientist regarding the structure of the body parts. However, the professor refutes this reason. And she offers a convincing explanations that chemical analysis was done on feathers and frills. It was deciphered that, feathers had beta carotin protein but frills had not that protein. And it was proven the existence of feather by chemical study.
Third, the written excerpt claims that the structure were located animals tail and it was not functioned for body heat control and fly. The point is quite incoherent with the lecturer. She says analysis showed that there was a colorful (orange and white color) feather was found in that animal and it was used to displayed. They were also used for thermoregulation
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| 2022-09-13 | Hello GRE | 76 | view |
| 2022-03-31 | Sommy2021 | 83 | view |
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| 2021-12-08 | wally | 90 | view |
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 3, column 125, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[2]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'animals'' or 'animal's'?
Suggestion: animals'; animal's
...inosaur because it was formed after the animals death. But, the lecturer denies this cl...
^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 184, Rule ID: A_PLURAL[2]
Message: Don't use indefinite articles with plural words. Did you mean 'explanation'?
Suggestion: explanation
...his reason. And she offers a convincing explanations that chemical analysis was done on feat...
^^^^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, first, however, regarding, second, so, then, third, as for
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 20.0 10.4613686534 191% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 0.0 5.04856512141 0% => OK
Conjunction : 10.0 7.30242825607 137% => OK
Relative clauses : 10.0 12.0772626932 83% => OK
Pronoun: 24.0 22.412803532 107% => OK
Preposition: 20.0 30.3222958057 66% => OK
Nominalization: 4.0 5.01324503311 80% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1223.0 1373.03311258 89% => OK
No of words: 241.0 270.72406181 89% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.07468879668 5.08290768461 100% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.94007293032 4.04702891845 97% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.67920655403 2.5805825403 104% => OK
Unique words: 131.0 145.348785872 90% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.54356846473 0.540411800872 101% => OK
syllable_count: 377.1 419.366225166 90% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 6.0 3.25607064018 184% => OK
Article: 9.0 8.23620309051 109% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 3.0 1.51434878587 198% => OK
Preposition: 0.0 2.5761589404 0% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 17.0 13.0662251656 130% => OK
Sentence length: 14.0 21.2450331126 66% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 36.4687855342 49.2860985944 74% => OK
Chars per sentence: 71.9411764706 110.228320801 65% => OK
Words per sentence: 14.1764705882 21.698381199 65% => OK
Discourse Markers: 4.05882352941 7.06452816374 57% => More transition words/phrases wanted.
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 2.0 4.19205298013 48% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 5.0 4.33554083885 115% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 4.45695364238 67% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 9.0 4.27373068433 211% => Less facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.17032978067 0.272083759551 63% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0525953841563 0.0996497079465 53% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0576920883031 0.0662205650399 87% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.106908796716 0.162205337803 66% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0713622730826 0.0443174109184 161% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 9.5 13.3589403974 71% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 57.27 53.8541721854 106% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 8.8 11.0289183223 80% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.53 12.2367328918 94% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.39 8.42419426049 100% => OK
difficult_words: 62.0 63.6247240618 97% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 5.5 10.7273730684 51% => Linsear_write_formula is low.
gunning_fog: 7.6 10.498013245 72% => OK
text_standard: 10.0 11.2008830022 89% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 76.6666666667 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 23.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.