Car manufacturers and governments have been eagerly seeking a replacement for the automobile’s main source of power, the internal-combustion engine. By far the most promising alternative source of energy for cars is the hydrogen-based fuel-cell engine, which uses hydrogen to create electricity that, in turn, powers the car. Fuel-cell engines have several advantages over internal-combustion engines and will probably soon replaces them.
One of the main problems with the internal-combustion engine is that it relies on petroleum, either in the form of gasoline or diesel fuel. Petroleum is a finite resource; someday, we will run out of oil. The hydrogen needed for fuel-cell engines cannot easily be depleted. Hydrogen can be derived from various plentiful sources, including natural gas and even water. The fact that fuel-cell engines utilize easily available, renewable resources makes them particularly attractive.
Second, hydrogen-based fuel cells are attractive because they will solve many of the world’s pollution problems. An unavoidable by-product of burning oil is carbon dioxide, and carbon dioxide harms the environment. On the other hand, the only byproduct of fuel-cell engines is water.
Third, fuel-cell engines will soon be economically competitive because people will spend less money to operate a fuel-cell engine than they will to operate an internal-combustion engine. This is true for one simple reason: a fuel-cell automobile is nearly twice as efficient in using its fuel as an automobile powered by an internal-combustion engine is. In other words, the fuel-cell powered car requires only half the fuel energy that the internal-combustion powered car does to go the same distance.
In this set of material, the author strongly postulates that a fuel cell engine is better than internal-combustion engines and provides three reasons to endorse its idea. On the other hand, the professor states that the passage is too optimistic and contradicts each of the reasons mentioned in the passage.
First and foremost, the passage begins by explaining that the internal-combustion engine depends on petroleum and there is a limited source of petroleum and the fuel-cell engine depends on hydrogen which can obtain from different sources and can not vanish. However, the professor tells us that the hydrogen which is required for the fuel-cell engine can not be easily produced. It requires some artificial conditions to convert hydrogen from water or natural gas into liquid form which is not easy.
Next, the professor in the lecture points out that because hydrogen obtains by burning coal and gas it produces pollution. This claim refutes the author's implication of using hydrogen-based fuel cells creates less or no pollution.
Ultimately, the article wraps its reasons by explaining that fuel-cell engines are economic and more efficient and use half of the energy than the combustion engine to cover the same distance. However, the speaker in the listening refutes this point by showing the weakness of the authors' that the fuel-cell engine is made up of platinum which is essential for converting water into liquid hydrogen. That platinum is very expensive and there is no alternative to that. So, a fuel-cell engine is not economic.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2022-11-29 | negooo | 80 | view |
| 2022-10-02 | Kalyani_tekade_24 | 60 | view |
| 2022-10-02 | 1ms19ec133 | 80 | view |
| 2022-09-04 | jimHsu | 80 | view |
| 2022-08-21 | dnudlyjgtnudbphwev | 73 | view |
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 3, column 146, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[1]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'authors'' or 'author's'?
Suggestion: authors'; author's
...duces pollution. This claim refutes the authors implication of using hydrogen-based fue...
^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
first, however, if, so, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 12.0 10.4613686534 115% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 3.0 5.04856512141 59% => OK
Conjunction : 12.0 7.30242825607 164% => OK
Relative clauses : 13.0 12.0772626932 108% => OK
Pronoun: 17.0 22.412803532 76% => OK
Preposition: 28.0 30.3222958057 92% => OK
Nominalization: 7.0 5.01324503311 140% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1304.0 1373.03311258 95% => OK
No of words: 250.0 270.72406181 92% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.216 5.08290768461 103% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.97635364384 4.04702891845 98% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.92491640906 2.5805825403 113% => OK
Unique words: 132.0 145.348785872 91% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.528 0.540411800872 98% => OK
syllable_count: 409.5 419.366225166 98% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 3.25607064018 92% => OK
Article: 8.0 8.23620309051 97% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 11.0 13.0662251656 84% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 22.0 21.2450331126 104% => OK
Sentence length SD: 59.7435289902 49.2860985944 121% => OK
Chars per sentence: 118.545454545 110.228320801 108% => OK
Words per sentence: 22.7272727273 21.698381199 105% => OK
Discourse Markers: 3.72727272727 7.06452816374 53% => More transition words/phrases wanted.
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 4.19205298013 24% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 5.0 4.33554083885 115% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 4.45695364238 90% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 2.0 4.27373068433 47% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.309327386524 0.272083759551 114% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.118787168558 0.0996497079465 119% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0779285703206 0.0662205650399 118% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.177906263677 0.162205337803 110% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0781207640211 0.0443174109184 176% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 14.5 13.3589403974 109% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 49.15 53.8541721854 91% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 11.9 11.0289183223 108% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 13.29 12.2367328918 109% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.83 8.42419426049 105% => OK
difficult_words: 65.0 63.6247240618 102% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 13.5 10.7273730684 126% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.8 10.498013245 103% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 80.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.0 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.