Carved stone balls are a curious type of artifact found at a number of locations in Scotland. They date from the late Neolithic period, around 4,000 years ago. They are round in shape; they were carved from several types of stone; most are about 70 mm in diameter; and many are ornamented to some degree. Archaeologists do not agree about their purpose and meaning, but there are several theories.
One theory is that the carved stone balls were weapons used in hunting or fighting. Some of the stone balls have been found with holes in them, and many have grooves on the surface. It is possible that a cord was strung through the holes or laid in the grooves around the ball. Holding the stone balls at the end of the cord would have allowed a person to swing it around or throw it.
A second theory is that the carved stone balls were used as part of a primitive system of weights and measures. The fact that they are so nearly uniform in size – at 70 mm in diameter – suggests that the balls were interchangeable and represented some standard unit of measure. They could have been used as standard weights to measure quantities of grain or other food, or anything that needed to be measured by weight on a balance or scale for the purpose of trade.
A third theory is that the carved stone balls served a social purpose as opposed to a practical or utilitarian one. This view is supported by the fact that many stone balls have elaborate designs. The elaborate carving suggests that the stones may have marked the important social status of their owners.
Both lecture and article revolve around the purpose of stone balls found at a number of locations in Scotland. The writing claims that these objects might have use fore several different aims but the lecturer find those ideas dubious and cast doubt on the hypothesises mentioned in the paragraphs.
First, the author claims that the carved stone balls used to be weapons in hunting and fighting. He addes that some holes and grooves found in stone balls which indicates that a possible cord was stung through them and allowed people to swing them. In contrast, the speaker holds the view that if the stone balls were war utensiles, like as arrow head, they should have be damaged or cracked during the fights. While the carvd stone balls are intact with no sign of damage is exhibited on them.
Second, the writer asserts that according to the uniform size of them, this mysterious objects might have used as standard measurement tools. On the contrary, the lecturer points out that even though they had some how the same size, they had various weight because of their different materials. She addes that stones like sandstone, green stone and so more have various densities and the weight of them is highly depended on their density.
Furthermore, the article contends that according to fact that many of founded carved stone balls has elaborated designs, they might have used for social purposes like indicating the social status of its owner. On the other hand, the orator throws a challenge to this argument by asserting that in the Neolithic era, the people with high social stauses used to barried by they precious objects and no stone ball had been found in the tombs of that period.Therefore this thesis like all the aforementioned ones is worthless.
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- Question Summarize the points made in the lecture being sure to explain how they cast doubt on the specific points made in the reading passage 3
- Humans have long been fascinated by elephants the largest land animal in the modern world Social animals that live in herds elephants are native to both Africa and Asia Their large ears long trunk and long life span have made elephants one of the most cap 80
- Do you agree or disagree with the following statement People who develop many different skills are more successful than people who focus on one skill only 84
- How do movies and television influence people s behavior Give reasons and examples to support your answer 3
- Directions You have 20 minutes to plan and write your response Your response will be judged on the basis of the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the points in the lecture and their relationship to the reading passage Typicall 3
Comments
Essay evaluations by e-grader
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 170, Rule ID: NUMEROUS_DIFFERENT[1]
Message: Use simply 'several'.
Suggestion: several
... that these objects might have use fore several different aims but the lecturer find those ideas ...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 2, column 371, Rule ID: HAVE_PART_AGREEMENT[1]
Message: Use past participle here: 'been'.
Suggestion: been
...s, like as arrow head, they should have be damaged or cracked during the fights. W...
^^
Line 2, column 412, Rule ID: SENTENCE_FRAGMENT[1]
Message: “While” at the beginning of a sentence requires a 2nd clause. Maybe a comma, question or exclamation mark is missing, or the sentence is incomplete and should be joined with the following sentence.
...e damaged or cracked during the fights. While the carvd stone balls are intact with n...
^^^^^
Line 2, column 476, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...lls are intact with no sign of damage is exhibited on them. Second, the writer a...
^^
Line 3, column 209, Rule ID: SOME_HOW[1]
Message: Did you mean 'somehow'?
Suggestion: somehow
...er points out that even though they had some how the same size, they had various weight ...
^^^^^^^^
Line 4, column 167, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...might have used for social purposes like indicating the social status of its owne...
^^
Line 4, column 295, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...lenge to this argument by asserting that in the Neolithic era, the people with hi...
^^
Line 4, column 457, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: Therefore
... been found in the tombs of that period.Therefore this thesis like all the aforementioned...
^^^^^^^^^
Line 4, column 457, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: Therefore,
... been found in the tombs of that period.Therefore this thesis like all the aforementioned...
^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, first, furthermore, if, second, so, therefore, while, in contrast, on the contrary, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 9.0 10.4613686534 86% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 4.0 5.04856512141 79% => OK
Conjunction : 10.0 7.30242825607 137% => OK
Relative clauses : 13.0 12.0772626932 108% => OK
Pronoun: 32.0 22.412803532 143% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 40.0 30.3222958057 132% => OK
Nominalization: 2.0 5.01324503311 40% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1464.0 1373.03311258 107% => OK
No of words: 298.0 270.72406181 110% => OK
Chars per words: 4.91275167785 5.08290768461 97% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.15483772266 4.04702891845 103% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.41260932457 2.5805825403 93% => OK
Unique words: 171.0 145.348785872 118% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.573825503356 0.540411800872 106% => OK
syllable_count: 440.1 419.366225166 105% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 6.0 3.25607064018 184% => OK
Article: 8.0 8.23620309051 97% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 4.0 2.5761589404 155% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 11.0 13.0662251656 84% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 27.0 21.2450331126 127% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively long.
Sentence length SD: 60.0809371454 49.2860985944 122% => OK
Chars per sentence: 133.090909091 110.228320801 121% => OK
Words per sentence: 27.0909090909 21.698381199 125% => OK
Discourse Markers: 9.63636363636 7.06452816374 136% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 9.0 4.19205298013 215% => Less language errors wanted.
Sentences with positive sentiment : 4.0 4.33554083885 92% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 4.45695364238 90% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 3.0 4.27373068433 70% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.235750819716 0.272083759551 87% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.09594404373 0.0996497079465 96% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0600714587234 0.0662205650399 91% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.142857901225 0.162205337803 88% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0322713154842 0.0443174109184 73% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 15.2 13.3589403974 114% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 52.53 53.8541721854 98% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 12.6 11.0289183223 114% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.49 12.2367328918 94% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.63 8.42419426049 102% => OK
difficult_words: 69.0 63.6247240618 108% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 10.5 10.7273730684 98% => OK
gunning_fog: 12.8 10.498013245 122% => OK
text_standard: 13.0 11.2008830022 116% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 80.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.0 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 170, Rule ID: NUMEROUS_DIFFERENT[1]
Message: Use simply 'several'.
Suggestion: several
... that these objects might have use fore several different aims but the lecturer find those ideas ...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 2, column 371, Rule ID: HAVE_PART_AGREEMENT[1]
Message: Use past participle here: 'been'.
Suggestion: been
...s, like as arrow head, they should have be damaged or cracked during the fights. W...
^^
Line 2, column 412, Rule ID: SENTENCE_FRAGMENT[1]
Message: “While” at the beginning of a sentence requires a 2nd clause. Maybe a comma, question or exclamation mark is missing, or the sentence is incomplete and should be joined with the following sentence.
...e damaged or cracked during the fights. While the carvd stone balls are intact with n...
^^^^^
Line 2, column 476, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...lls are intact with no sign of damage is exhibited on them. Second, the writer a...
^^
Line 3, column 209, Rule ID: SOME_HOW[1]
Message: Did you mean 'somehow'?
Suggestion: somehow
...er points out that even though they had some how the same size, they had various weight ...
^^^^^^^^
Line 4, column 167, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...might have used for social purposes like indicating the social status of its owne...
^^
Line 4, column 295, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...lenge to this argument by asserting that in the Neolithic era, the people with hi...
^^
Line 4, column 457, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: Therefore
... been found in the tombs of that period.Therefore this thesis like all the aforementioned...
^^^^^^^^^
Line 4, column 457, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: Therefore,
... been found in the tombs of that period.Therefore this thesis like all the aforementioned...
^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, first, furthermore, if, second, so, therefore, while, in contrast, on the contrary, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 9.0 10.4613686534 86% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 4.0 5.04856512141 79% => OK
Conjunction : 10.0 7.30242825607 137% => OK
Relative clauses : 13.0 12.0772626932 108% => OK
Pronoun: 32.0 22.412803532 143% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 40.0 30.3222958057 132% => OK
Nominalization: 2.0 5.01324503311 40% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1464.0 1373.03311258 107% => OK
No of words: 298.0 270.72406181 110% => OK
Chars per words: 4.91275167785 5.08290768461 97% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.15483772266 4.04702891845 103% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.41260932457 2.5805825403 93% => OK
Unique words: 171.0 145.348785872 118% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.573825503356 0.540411800872 106% => OK
syllable_count: 440.1 419.366225166 105% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 6.0 3.25607064018 184% => OK
Article: 8.0 8.23620309051 97% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 4.0 2.5761589404 155% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 11.0 13.0662251656 84% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 27.0 21.2450331126 127% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively long.
Sentence length SD: 60.0809371454 49.2860985944 122% => OK
Chars per sentence: 133.090909091 110.228320801 121% => OK
Words per sentence: 27.0909090909 21.698381199 125% => OK
Discourse Markers: 9.63636363636 7.06452816374 136% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 9.0 4.19205298013 215% => Less language errors wanted.
Sentences with positive sentiment : 4.0 4.33554083885 92% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 4.45695364238 90% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 3.0 4.27373068433 70% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.235750819716 0.272083759551 87% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.09594404373 0.0996497079465 96% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0600714587234 0.0662205650399 91% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.142857901225 0.162205337803 88% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0322713154842 0.0443174109184 73% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 15.2 13.3589403974 114% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 52.53 53.8541721854 98% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 12.6 11.0289183223 114% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.49 12.2367328918 94% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.63 8.42419426049 102% => OK
difficult_words: 69.0 63.6247240618 108% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 10.5 10.7273730684 98% => OK
gunning_fog: 12.8 10.498013245 122% => OK
text_standard: 13.0 11.2008830022 116% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 80.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.0 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.