The fossil record shows that members of the group of dinosaurs known as lambeosaurs had large bony crests on top of their heads The shape of the crests varied from species to species, but all lambeosaur crests contained extended hollow passages. No one really knows exactly what function the crests served, but scientists have offered several theories.
Sense of smell
One theory holds that the primary purpose of the crests was to improve the dinosaurs' sense of smell. Examination of the fossils has suggested that the crests contained many blood vessels. The nose bones of modern animals with a highly developed sense of smell have a similar inner structure characterized by a high density of blood vessels. Thus, it is reasonable to conclude that the crests were primarily used to enhance the sense of smell.
Cooling
A second theory maintains (hat the crests served to prevent overheating by lowering lambeosaurs1 body temperature. The addition of a crest had the effect of increasing the surface area of the lambeosaur’s body, thereby allowing body heat to escape more rapidly. Other warm-climate dinosaurs, stegosaurs for example, also had bony crestlike plates on parts of their body that increased the body surface area. It has long been believed that the bony plates of stegosaurs were adaptations to improve cooling, so it seems likely that the crests of lambeosaurs served the same purpose.
Sound
A third possibility is that lambeosaurs used the crests to make sounds, perhaps for communication with other lambeosaurs It was definitely possible to make low sounds by forcing air through the crests. This theory is supported by a finding suggesting that lambeosaurs had a good sense of hearing paleontologists recently discovered remains of a lambeosaur that had a highly developed inner ear. A good sense of hearing would be necessary for animals communicating by sound
The reading passage explores the function of the crests that lambeosaurs had. The professor's speech deals with the same idea. However, he thinks that we do not have a clear explanation for that. And in the lecture, he uses three specific points to support his idea.
First, even though the reading suggests that the crests can benefit the dinosaurs' sense of smell, the professor contends that its brain had not developed fully. This is because the system of strong sense must be well developed, which means if the lambeosaurs had the strength of smelling, its brain would be sophisticated at least. The fact that its small, undeveloped brain structure manifests that the professor's argument disproves its counterpart in the reading.
Moreover, contrary to the reading's statement that the crests made an effort to cool their body temperature, the professor argues that the dinosaurs did not have plenty of quests. Then he supports this point with the fact that compared to other dinosaurs, lambeosaurs just had one quest to provide cooling. In other words, it is impossible for them to use the crests for lower body temperature.
Finally, the professor asserts that the only fossil record cannot adequately prove the need for making sound, whereas the author of the reading claims that the crests can contribute to make low sounds for communication with others. The professor proves the claim is indefensible by pointing out that this means they needed strong hearing as well while one evidence is not enough for experts to pursue the truth-i.e., we have no idea whether the crests is used to interaction.
- Throughout the world s oceans hard structures such as natural reefs provide ideal marine habitats Reefs provide hard surfaces to which plants coral and sponges can attach and thereby provide food and shelter for many types of fish Recently workers in the 3
- Transient lunar phenomena TLP are relatively brief flashes of light that appear to come from the surface of the Moon Such flashes of light have been observed for centuries by both amateur and professional astronomers and several theories have been put for 78
- Although the sale of rhinoceros horns is illegal worldwide rhinoceroses Rhinos are commonly poached hunted illegally for their horns which can be sold for tens of thousands of dollars per kilogram Rhino horns are so valuable that one type of rhino is alre 83
- Do you agree or disagree with the following statement Grades marks encourage students to learn Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer 90
- The fossil record shows that members of the group of dinosaurs known as lambeosaurs had large bony crests on top of their heads The shape of the crests varied from species to species but all lambeosaur crests contained extended hollow passages No one real 90
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 83, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[1]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'professors'' or 'professor's'?
Suggestion: professors'; professor's
...of the crests that lambeosaurs had. The professors speech deals with the same idea. Howeve...
^^^^^^^^^^
Line 2, column 404, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[1]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'professors'' or 'professor's'?
Suggestion: professors'; professor's
...oped brain structure manifests that the professors argument disproves its counterpart in t...
^^^^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 27, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[1]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'readings'' or 'reading's'?
Suggestion: readings'; reading's
...the reading. Moreover, contrary to the readings statement that the crests made an effor...
^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, finally, first, however, if, moreover, so, then, well, whereas, while, at least, in other words
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 7.0 10.4613686534 67% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 6.0 5.04856512141 119% => OK
Conjunction : 1.0 7.30242825607 14% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 14.0 12.0772626932 116% => OK
Pronoun: 31.0 22.412803532 138% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 24.0 30.3222958057 79% => OK
Nominalization: 7.0 5.01324503311 140% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1343.0 1373.03311258 98% => OK
No of words: 265.0 270.72406181 98% => OK
Chars per words: 5.0679245283 5.08290768461 100% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.03470204552 4.04702891845 100% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.64322316377 2.5805825403 102% => OK
Unique words: 155.0 145.348785872 107% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.584905660377 0.540411800872 108% => OK
syllable_count: 389.7 419.366225166 93% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 6.0 3.25607064018 184% => OK
Article: 7.0 8.23620309051 85% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 1.0 2.5761589404 39% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 12.0 13.0662251656 92% => OK
Sentence length: 22.0 21.2450331126 104% => OK
Sentence length SD: 62.3932421554 49.2860985944 127% => OK
Chars per sentence: 111.916666667 110.228320801 102% => OK
Words per sentence: 22.0833333333 21.698381199 102% => OK
Discourse Markers: 8.33333333333 7.06452816374 118% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 3.0 4.19205298013 72% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 5.0 4.33554083885 115% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 5.0 4.45695364238 112% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 2.0 4.27373068433 47% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.176073989691 0.272083759551 65% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0700381920829 0.0996497079465 70% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0727830465132 0.0662205650399 110% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.108345175723 0.162205337803 67% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0240658405541 0.0443174109184 54% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.5 13.3589403974 101% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 57.61 53.8541721854 107% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.7 11.0289183223 97% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.13 12.2367328918 99% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.3 8.42419426049 99% => OK
difficult_words: 60.0 63.6247240618 94% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 8.0 10.7273730684 75% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.8 10.498013245 103% => OK
text_standard: 11.0 11.2008830022 98% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 90 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 27 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.