Endotherms are animals such as modern birds and mammals that keep their body temperatures constant. For instance, humans are endotherms and maintain an internal temperature of 37°C, no matter whether the environment is warm or cold. Because dinosaurs were reptiles, and modern reptiles are not endotherms, it was long assumed that dinosaurs were not endotherms. However, dinosaurs differ in many ways from modem reptiles, and there is now considerable evidence that dinosaurs were, in fact, endotherms. Polar dinosaurs One reason for believing that dinosaurs were endotherms is that dinosaur fossils have been discovered in Polar Regions. Only animals that can maintain a temperature well above that of the surrounding environment could be active in such cold climates. Leg position and movement There is a connection between the endothermy and the position and movement of the legs. The physiology of endothermy allows sustained physical activity, such as running. But running is efficient only if an animal's legs are positioned underneath its body, not at the body's side, as they are for crocodiles and many lizards. The legs of all modern endotherms are underneath the body, and so were the legs of dinosaurs. This strongly suggests that dinosaurs were endotherms. Haversian canals There is also a connection between endothermy and bone structure. The bones of endotherms usually include structures called Haversian canals. These canals house nerves and blood vessels that allow the living animal to grow quickly, and rapid body growth is in fact a characteristic of endothermy. The presence of Haversian canals in bone is a strong indicator that the animal is an endotherm, and fossilized bones of dinosaurs are usually dense with Haversian canals.
The reading text and lecture are both about the discussion whether the dinosaurs are Endotherm or not. Reading text suggest that dinosaurs are endotherm. The lecturer is dispute these claim by giving the three arguments.
In the biggening, Author thinks that fossils are found in the polar region, on the basis of that evidence dinosaurs are endotherm. He believe that, Only endothermic animal can survive in the cold climate. In other hand, lecturer said that, during the colder month of the year dinosaurs were migrate to the warmer climate. Additionally, he argues that, It will goes in to the hibernating state and these was the main reason of its survival in polar region.
Secondly, reading passage believe that, Physiology of the dinosaurs was also evident that, dinosaurs was endotherm. He also said that, it has the its leg underside the body, which only found in the modern endotherm. In contrast, lecturer argues that, it was the evolutionary step taken by dinosaurs to carry its heavy weight. It was need of them, because show up big size is necessary for survival.
In the end, Author of this passage show the evidence of Haversian canals. To show up the dinosaurs are endotherm. on top that, He also present the proof of bone structure. However, lecturer states that, in addition to the haversian canal, it also have the growth ring on it bone. Which have rapid growth during the warmer month and no growth o slow growth during the cold season, which will suggest that it was not a endotherm.
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- top63 3
- Summarize the points made in the lecture being sure to explain how they cast doubt on the specific methods proposed in the reading passage 3
- Integrated task 3
- tpo59 70
- In 1939 an archaeological excavation in southeastern England revealed a grave dating to the seventh century CE The grave contained a 13 meter long ship filled with jewelry and other precious objects The presence of such impressive artifacts made it likely 3
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 3, column 135, Rule ID: HE_VERB_AGR[1]
Message: The pronoun 'He' must be used with a third-person verb: 'believes'.
Suggestion: believes
...at evidence dinosaurs are endotherm. He believe that, Only endothermic animal can survi...
^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 292, Rule ID: BEEN_PART_AGREEMENT[1]
Message: Consider using a past participle here: 'migrated'.
Suggestion: migrated
...colder month of the year dinosaurs were migrate to the warmer climate. Additionally, he...
^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 361, Rule ID: DID_BASEFORM[1]
Message: The verb 'will' requires the base form of the verb: 'go'
Suggestion: go
.... Additionally, he argues that, It will goes in to the hibernating state and these w...
^^^^
Line 5, column 143, Rule ID: DT_PRP[1]
Message: Possible typo. Did you mean 'the' or 'its'?
Suggestion: the; its
...as endotherm. He also said that, it has the its leg underside the body, which only foun...
^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 313, Rule ID: HEAVY_WEIGHT[1]
Message: Did you mean 'heavyweight'?
Suggestion: heavyweight
...ry step taken by dinosaurs to carry its heavy weight. It was need of them, because show up b...
^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 7, column 115, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: On
...To show up the dinosaurs are endotherm. on top that, He also present the proof of ...
^^
Line 7, column 248, Rule ID: IT_VBZ[1]
Message: Did you mean 'has'?
Suggestion: has
...ddition to the haversian canal, it also have the growth ring on it bone. Which have ...
^^^^
Line 7, column 416, Rule ID: EN_A_VS_AN
Message: Use 'an' instead of 'a' if the following word starts with a vowel sound, e.g. 'an article', 'an hour'
Suggestion: an
...son, which will suggest that it was not a endotherm.
^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, however, second, secondly, so, in addition, in contrast
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 15.0 10.4613686534 143% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 4.0 5.04856512141 79% => OK
Conjunction : 4.0 7.30242825607 55% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 16.0 12.0772626932 132% => OK
Pronoun: 31.0 22.412803532 138% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 33.0 30.3222958057 109% => OK
Nominalization: 3.0 5.01324503311 60% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1261.0 1373.03311258 92% => OK
No of words: 257.0 270.72406181 95% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 4.90661478599 5.08290768461 97% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.00390054096 4.04702891845 99% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.49854535342 2.5805825403 97% => OK
Unique words: 124.0 145.348785872 85% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.482490272374 0.540411800872 89% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 388.8 419.366225166 93% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 9.0 3.25607064018 276% => Less pronouns wanted as sentence beginning.
Article: 2.0 8.23620309051 24% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 9.0 2.5761589404 349% => Less preposition wanted as sentence beginnings.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 16.0 13.0662251656 122% => OK
Sentence length: 16.0 21.2450331126 75% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 31.1227408819 49.2860985944 63% => OK
Chars per sentence: 78.8125 110.228320801 71% => OK
Words per sentence: 16.0625 21.698381199 74% => OK
Discourse Markers: 3.8125 7.06452816374 54% => More transition words/phrases wanted.
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 8.0 4.19205298013 191% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 4.0 4.33554083885 92% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 4.45695364238 67% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 9.0 4.27373068433 211% => Less facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.14857999671 0.272083759551 55% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0617574077758 0.0996497079465 62% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0525722369083 0.0662205650399 79% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.100117116787 0.162205337803 62% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0173848958149 0.0443174109184 39% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 9.7 13.3589403974 73% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 63.7 53.8541721854 118% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 8.4 11.0289183223 76% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 10.9 12.2367328918 89% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 7.56 8.42419426049 90% => OK
difficult_words: 51.0 63.6247240618 80% => More difficult words wanted.
linsear_write_formula: 6.5 10.7273730684 61% => OK
gunning_fog: 8.4 10.498013245 80% => OK
text_standard: 8.0 11.2008830022 71% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 66.6666666667 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 20.0 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.