In 1995 a microscopic fungus called Phytophthora ramorum, or P. ramorum, was first detected in the forests of the western United States. P. ramorum infects trees and causes particularly serious damage in oak trees: in many infected oaks, leaves wither rapidly, large cracks appear in the bark, and the trees die. A spread of P. ramorum represents a serious threat to the forests in the western states. Several methods of protecting the forests have been proposed.
First, stopping P. ramorum spores from spreading would surely be an effective method. Spores are small particles through which all fungi, including P. ramorum, reproduce. Researchers have discovered that many P. ramorum spores can be found along hiking or biking trails, suggesting human-assisted spread by way of shoes and bicycle tires. A few measures to prevent such human-assisted spread—like encouraging hikers to wash their shoes and installing new bike scrubbers on bicycle trails—would be an effective and low-cost way to stop the spread of P. ramorum.
Second, there are a few fungicidal (fungus-fighting) chemicals that can be used to protect the oak trees. Some of these chemicals stimulate the oak trees’ natural defenses against the P. ramorum fungus and have been found in small-scale tryouts to significantly reduce the likelihood that the oaks will be infected.
A third way to fight P. ramorum is a practice called clear-cutting. This approach starts with cutting and burning the diseased oaks, but it also involves cutting and burning the seemingly healthy vegetation (bushes and other kinds of trees) surrounding the oaks. This is done because some of the surrounding plants and trees may be infected even though they do not show any symptoms of the disease. Clearing large areas of vegetation in places where diseased trees are found is often an efficient measure to stop the spread of infections.
The lecture and the article discussed the possible solutions to protect the forest trees from Phytophthora ramorum fungus. The article suggested that there are three methods can be used to eliminate this dilemma. The lecturer, on the other hand, responded that the methods mentioned in the article have serious limitations and are not practical.
To begin with, the article stated that one of the solution is prevent Phytophthora ramorum from spreading by applying new rules on hikers. However, the lecturer said that this solution is ineffective method. The lecturer acknowledged that human assisted spread might contribute to the spreading of Phytophthora ramorum spores, but the majority of spores spread through water stream.
Second, the article claimed that using a fungicidal would eliminate this problem and save the forest from P. ramorum. In contrast, the lecturer pointed out that this method has multiple limitations. She explained that the trees should be injected directly by a fungicidal. Moreover, these chemical last for few months only, so oaks should be injected periodically. Therefore, this solution cannot be applied on forest contain thousands of trees.
Finally, the article said that to protect trees from P. ramorum fungus, clear cutting method should be applied on the diseased vegetation surrounding the trees. The lecturer, on the other hand, countered that some of vegetations surrounding the trees are healthy. Furthermore, according to the lecturer, the vegetations in the Northern United States are rare, so if cutting-burning method is applied on it, it will not be replanted easily.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2023-09-25 | MA KUNG TING | 80 | view |
| 2023-08-10 | nusybah | 73 | view |
| 2023-07-12 | Zmx_6 | 83 | view |
| 2023-07-12 | Zmx_6 | 70 | view |
| 2023-01-17 | nikki07hung | 68 | view |
- What are the characteristics of a good teacher 66
- A little over 2,200 years ago, the Roman navy attacked the Greek port city of Syracuse. According to some ancient historians, the Greeks defended themselves with an ingenious weapon called a “burning mirror”: a polished copper surface curved to focus 83
- Glass is a favored building material for modern architecture yet it is also very dangerous for wild birds Because they often cannot distinguish between glass and open air millions of birds are harmed every year when they try to fly through glass windows T 88
- The Little Ice Age was a period of unusually cold temperature in many parts of the world that lasted from about the year 1350 until 1900C.E.. There were unusually harsh winters, and glaciers grew larger in many areas. Scientists have long wondered what ca 60
- Many countries require cigarette smokers to pay particularly high taxes on their purchases of cigarettes similar taxes are being considered for unhealthy foods The policy of imposing high taxes on cigarettes and other unhealthy products has a number of so 81
Comments
Essay evaluations by e-grader
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 214, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_BEGINNING_RULE
Message: Three successive sentences begin with the same word. Reword the sentence or use a thesaurus to find a synonym.
... can be used to eliminate this dilemma. The lecturer, on the other hand, responded ...
^^^
Line 2, column 63, Rule ID: BEEN_PART_AGREEMENT[1]
Message: Consider using a past participle here: 'prevented'.
Suggestion: prevented
...icle stated that one of the solution is prevent Phytophthora ramorum from spreading by ...
^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 260, Rule ID: DT_JJ_NO_NOUN[1]
Message: Probably a noun is missing in this part of the sentence.
...he trees should be injected directly by a fungicidal. Moreover, these chemical last for few ...
^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 4, column 210, Rule ID: MOST_SOME_OF_NNS[1]
Message: After 'some of', you should use 'the' ('some of the vegetations') or simply say ''some vegetations''.
Suggestion: some of the vegetations; some vegetations
...urer, on the other hand, countered that some of vegetations surrounding the trees are healthy. Furt...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, finally, furthermore, however, if, moreover, second, so, therefore, in contrast, to begin with, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 13.0 10.4613686534 124% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 8.0 5.04856512141 158% => OK
Conjunction : 4.0 7.30242825607 55% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 10.0 12.0772626932 83% => OK
Pronoun: 19.0 22.412803532 85% => OK
Preposition: 29.0 30.3222958057 96% => OK
Nominalization: 4.0 5.01324503311 80% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1371.0 1373.03311258 100% => OK
No of words: 250.0 270.72406181 92% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.484 5.08290768461 108% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.97635364384 4.04702891845 98% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.84260443959 2.5805825403 110% => OK
Unique words: 135.0 145.348785872 93% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.54 0.540411800872 100% => OK
syllable_count: 416.7 419.366225166 99% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.7 1.55342163355 109% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 4.0 3.25607064018 123% => OK
Article: 11.0 8.23620309051 134% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 5.0 2.5761589404 194% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 15.0 13.0662251656 115% => OK
Sentence length: 16.0 21.2450331126 75% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 34.990411385 49.2860985944 71% => OK
Chars per sentence: 91.4 110.228320801 83% => OK
Words per sentence: 16.6666666667 21.698381199 77% => OK
Discourse Markers: 7.86666666667 7.06452816374 111% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 4.0 4.19205298013 95% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 10.0 4.33554083885 231% => Less positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 1.0 4.45695364238 22% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 4.0 4.27373068433 94% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.170590158195 0.272083759551 63% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.056391800539 0.0996497079465 57% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0559836425332 0.0662205650399 85% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.109183932571 0.162205337803 67% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0117543647912 0.0443174109184 27% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.7 13.3589403974 95% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 46.78 53.8541721854 87% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.7 11.0289183223 97% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 14.21 12.2367328918 116% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.98 8.42419426049 107% => OK
difficult_words: 72.0 63.6247240618 113% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 8.5 10.7273730684 79% => OK
gunning_fog: 8.4 10.498013245 80% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 73.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 22.0 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 214, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_BEGINNING_RULE
Message: Three successive sentences begin with the same word. Reword the sentence or use a thesaurus to find a synonym.
... can be used to eliminate this dilemma. The lecturer, on the other hand, responded ...
^^^
Line 2, column 63, Rule ID: BEEN_PART_AGREEMENT[1]
Message: Consider using a past participle here: 'prevented'.
Suggestion: prevented
...icle stated that one of the solution is prevent Phytophthora ramorum from spreading by ...
^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 260, Rule ID: DT_JJ_NO_NOUN[1]
Message: Probably a noun is missing in this part of the sentence.
...he trees should be injected directly by a fungicidal. Moreover, these chemical last for few ...
^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 4, column 210, Rule ID: MOST_SOME_OF_NNS[1]
Message: After 'some of', you should use 'the' ('some of the vegetations') or simply say ''some vegetations''.
Suggestion: some of the vegetations; some vegetations
...urer, on the other hand, countered that some of vegetations surrounding the trees are healthy. Furt...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, finally, furthermore, however, if, moreover, second, so, therefore, in contrast, to begin with, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 13.0 10.4613686534 124% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 8.0 5.04856512141 158% => OK
Conjunction : 4.0 7.30242825607 55% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 10.0 12.0772626932 83% => OK
Pronoun: 19.0 22.412803532 85% => OK
Preposition: 29.0 30.3222958057 96% => OK
Nominalization: 4.0 5.01324503311 80% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1371.0 1373.03311258 100% => OK
No of words: 250.0 270.72406181 92% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.484 5.08290768461 108% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.97635364384 4.04702891845 98% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.84260443959 2.5805825403 110% => OK
Unique words: 135.0 145.348785872 93% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.54 0.540411800872 100% => OK
syllable_count: 416.7 419.366225166 99% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.7 1.55342163355 109% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 4.0 3.25607064018 123% => OK
Article: 11.0 8.23620309051 134% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 5.0 2.5761589404 194% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 15.0 13.0662251656 115% => OK
Sentence length: 16.0 21.2450331126 75% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 34.990411385 49.2860985944 71% => OK
Chars per sentence: 91.4 110.228320801 83% => OK
Words per sentence: 16.6666666667 21.698381199 77% => OK
Discourse Markers: 7.86666666667 7.06452816374 111% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 4.0 4.19205298013 95% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 10.0 4.33554083885 231% => Less positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 1.0 4.45695364238 22% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 4.0 4.27373068433 94% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.170590158195 0.272083759551 63% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.056391800539 0.0996497079465 57% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0559836425332 0.0662205650399 85% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.109183932571 0.162205337803 67% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0117543647912 0.0443174109184 27% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.7 13.3589403974 95% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 46.78 53.8541721854 87% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.7 11.0289183223 97% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 14.21 12.2367328918 116% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.98 8.42419426049 107% => OK
difficult_words: 72.0 63.6247240618 113% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 8.5 10.7273730684 79% => OK
gunning_fog: 8.4 10.498013245 80% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 73.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 22.0 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.