The fossil record shows that members of the group of dinosaurs known as lambeosaurs had large bony crests on top of their heads The shape of the crests varied from species to species, but all lambeosaur crests contained extended hollow passages. No one really knows exactly what function the crests served, but scientists have offered several theories.
Sense of smell
One theory holds that the primary purpose of the crests was to improve the dinosaurs' sense of smell. Examination of the fossils has suggested that the crests contained many blood vessels. The nose bones of modern animals with a highly developed sense of smell have a similar inner structure characterized by a high density of blood vessels. Thus, it is reasonable to conclude that the crests were primarily used to enhance the sense of smell.
Cooling
A second theory maintains (hat the crests served to prevent overheating by lowering lambeosaurs1 body temperature. The addition of a crest had the effect of increasing the surface area of the lambeosaur’s body, thereby allowing body heat to escape more rapidly. Other warm-climate dinosaurs, stegosaurs for example, also had bony crestlike plates on parts of their body that increased the body surface area. It has long been believed that the bony plates of stegosaurs were adaptations to improve cooling, so it seems likely that the crests of lambeosaurs served the same purpose.
Sound
A third possibility is that lambeosaurs used the crests to make sounds, perhaps for communication with other lambeosaurs It was definitely possible to make low sounds by forcing air through the crests. This theory is supported by a finding suggesting that lambeosaurs had a good sense of hearing paleontologists recently discovered remains of a lambeosaur that had a highly developed inner ear. A good sense of hearing would be necessary for animals communicating by sound
The passage puts forward several functions related to lambeosaur crests, suggested by scientists. However, the lecture finds all of them skeptical and refutes them in detail.
first and foremost, the article asserts that the main purpose of the lambeosaur crests was to smell because of the huge number of blood vessels similar to the modern animals'. On the other hand, the professor clears out that animals with a developed sense of selling have such a brain that supports the function with tons of nerves whereas lambeosaurs have small and undeveloped brains. Therefore, the sense of smell does not match lambeosaur crests.
Secondly, the writer claims that the lambeosaur crests were engaged in cooling the body of lambeosaurs by increasing its surface, hence escaping the heat more easily. The lecture, conversely, points out that the lambeosaur crests' structure is too bonny and adds to their body's temperature resulting in adverse function stated in the reading.
Last but not least, the writer mentions that crests were serving lambeosaurs by producing sound since in a fossil a well-developed inner air has been found. In stark contrast, the lecturer reveals that if it was true, all lambeosaurs should have had a sophisticated inner air. As a result, one finding is not valid and makes the claim skeptical.
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Comments
Essay evaluations by e-grader
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 2, column 1, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: First
... skeptical and refutes them in detail. first and foremost, the article asserts that ...
^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, conversely, first, hence, however, if, second, secondly, so, therefore, well, whereas, as to, as a result, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 7.0 10.4613686534 67% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 1.0 5.04856512141 20% => OK
Conjunction : 6.0 7.30242825607 82% => OK
Relative clauses : 7.0 12.0772626932 58% => More relative clauses wanted.
Pronoun: 12.0 22.412803532 54% => OK
Preposition: 27.0 30.3222958057 89% => OK
Nominalization: 2.0 5.01324503311 40% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1106.0 1373.03311258 81% => OK
No of words: 213.0 270.72406181 79% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.19248826291 5.08290768461 102% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.82027741392 4.04702891845 94% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.7090951197 2.5805825403 105% => OK
Unique words: 135.0 145.348785872 93% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.633802816901 0.540411800872 117% => OK
syllable_count: 324.0 419.366225166 77% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 0.0 3.25607064018 0% => OK
Article: 9.0 8.23620309051 109% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 10.0 13.0662251656 77% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 21.0 21.2450331126 99% => OK
Sentence length SD: 49.7012072288 49.2860985944 101% => OK
Chars per sentence: 110.6 110.228320801 100% => OK
Words per sentence: 21.3 21.698381199 98% => OK
Discourse Markers: 12.9 7.06452816374 183% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 4.19205298013 24% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 4.0 4.33554083885 92% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 4.45695364238 67% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 3.0 4.27373068433 70% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.223237478637 0.272083759551 82% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0828755204837 0.0996497079465 83% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0418472883871 0.0662205650399 63% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.127357109874 0.162205337803 79% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.041652325067 0.0443174109184 94% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.7 13.3589403974 103% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 58.62 53.8541721854 109% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.3 11.0289183223 93% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.82 12.2367328918 105% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 9.35 8.42419426049 111% => OK
difficult_words: 63.0 63.6247240618 99% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 10.5 10.7273730684 98% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.4 10.498013245 99% => OK
text_standard: 11.0 11.2008830022 98% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 86.6666666667 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 26.0 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 2, column 1, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: First
... skeptical and refutes them in detail. first and foremost, the article asserts that ...
^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, conversely, first, hence, however, if, second, secondly, so, therefore, well, whereas, as to, as a result, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 7.0 10.4613686534 67% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 1.0 5.04856512141 20% => OK
Conjunction : 6.0 7.30242825607 82% => OK
Relative clauses : 7.0 12.0772626932 58% => More relative clauses wanted.
Pronoun: 12.0 22.412803532 54% => OK
Preposition: 27.0 30.3222958057 89% => OK
Nominalization: 2.0 5.01324503311 40% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1106.0 1373.03311258 81% => OK
No of words: 213.0 270.72406181 79% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.19248826291 5.08290768461 102% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.82027741392 4.04702891845 94% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.7090951197 2.5805825403 105% => OK
Unique words: 135.0 145.348785872 93% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.633802816901 0.540411800872 117% => OK
syllable_count: 324.0 419.366225166 77% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 0.0 3.25607064018 0% => OK
Article: 9.0 8.23620309051 109% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 10.0 13.0662251656 77% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 21.0 21.2450331126 99% => OK
Sentence length SD: 49.7012072288 49.2860985944 101% => OK
Chars per sentence: 110.6 110.228320801 100% => OK
Words per sentence: 21.3 21.698381199 98% => OK
Discourse Markers: 12.9 7.06452816374 183% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 4.19205298013 24% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 4.0 4.33554083885 92% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 4.45695364238 67% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 3.0 4.27373068433 70% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.223237478637 0.272083759551 82% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0828755204837 0.0996497079465 83% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0418472883871 0.0662205650399 63% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.127357109874 0.162205337803 79% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.041652325067 0.0443174109184 94% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.7 13.3589403974 103% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 58.62 53.8541721854 109% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.3 11.0289183223 93% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.82 12.2367328918 105% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 9.35 8.42419426049 111% => OK
difficult_words: 63.0 63.6247240618 99% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 10.5 10.7273730684 98% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.4 10.498013245 99% => OK
text_standard: 11.0 11.2008830022 98% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 86.6666666667 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 26.0 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.