TPO-27 Integrated Writing
The little ice age was a period of unusually cold temperature in many parts of the world that lasted from about the year 1350 until 1900CE. There were southern harsh winters, and glaciers grew also in many areas. Scientist have long wondered what caused the Little Ice Age. Several possible causes have been proposed.
First, the cooling may have been caused by disrupting of ocean currents. Before the Little Ice Age, there was a period of unusually warm weather during which glaciers melted. These melted glaciers sent evidence amount of cold freshwater into the Gulf Stream, a large ocean current that strongly affects Earth's climate. Some scientists believe that this freshwater was enough to temporarily disrupt the Gulf Stream. Such a disruption could have caused the Little Ice Age.
Second, volcanic eruption could have caused the Little Ice Age. When volcanoes erupt, they send dark clouds of dust and sulfur gas into the atmosphere. These clouds, which can spread over great areas, block some sunlight from reaching Earth's surface. This can decrease the global temperatures. Scientists know of several volcanic eruption that took place during the Little Ice Age.
Third, substantial decreases in human populations may have contributed indirectly to the cooling of the climate. For a variety of reason(disease, warfare, social disruption), the human population just before the Little Ice Age and during the early part of it was lower than it had been in a long time. Forest trees started growing on fields that were no longer used for agriculture. Since trees absorb carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, they decrease the greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm. With more forest trees carbon dioxide, earth became cooler.
The reading and the listening are about Little Ice Age specifically what the reasons were behind this. The author of the passage suggests three possible assumptions for this harsh winters age. However, the professor in the lecture avers that the writer's explanations were outdated and refutes all of them.
First of all, the writer mentions that ocean current was one of the reasons for that natural climatic condition. He also states that since the temperature was increased prior to the Ice Age, glaciers melted and produced huge freshwater and that break down gulf current which leading the formation of the Little ice age. The professor rebuts this point by implying shreds of evidence of southern part where no such glacier melt or gulf currents disrupted. He also informs that that gulf stream was not responsible for that Age.
Secondly, the author states that since volcanic eruptions produce a huge amount of dust and gas which create a sunlight block, the volcanic eruption may be the possible reason for that freezing season. However, the lecturer says that even though volcanic eruptions might be the reason of that Age, but the other consequences of eruptions were not documented by anyone. He also posits that if that occurred, the colorful sky would remain for a long time, yet such no evidence had found. So, volcanic activities were not the main reasons for that age.
In the third assumption, the writer claims that population declining because of many reasons before starting the ice age might create a condition for growing forest trees. He further implies that growing large plants may absorb carbon dioxide and reduce greenhouse effect, and that helps to start that age. The professor, however, refutes this point by saying that to produce such age, must need more time. But human population regained their position and population was increased; as a result, they cut all forest trees to crop for feeding themselves. So, humans were not the reason for little ice age.
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, first, however, if, may, second, secondly, so, third, as a result, first of all
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 12.0 15.1003584229 79% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 7.0 9.8082437276 71% => OK
Conjunction : 12.0 13.8261648746 87% => OK
Relative clauses : 23.0 11.0286738351 209% => Less relative clauses wanted (maybe 'which' is over used).
Pronoun: 32.0 43.0788530466 74% => OK
Preposition: 26.0 52.1666666667 50% => More preposition wanted.
Nominalization: 11.0 8.0752688172 136% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1669.0 1977.66487455 84% => OK
No of words: 330.0 407.700716846 81% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.05757575758 4.8611393121 104% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.26214759535 4.48103885553 95% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.41513630656 2.67179642975 90% => OK
Unique words: 177.0 212.727598566 83% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.536363636364 0.524837075471 102% => OK
syllable_count: 507.6 618.680645161 82% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.51630824373 99% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 5.0 9.59856630824 52% => OK
Article: 11.0 3.08781362007 356% => Less articles wanted as sentence beginning.
Subordination: 1.0 3.51792114695 28% => OK
Conjunction: 4.0 1.86738351254 214% => Less conjunction wanted as sentence beginning.
Preposition: 1.0 4.94265232975 20% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 16.0 20.6003584229 78% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 20.0 20.1344086022 99% => OK
Sentence length SD: 44.6853146319 48.9658058833 91% => OK
Chars per sentence: 104.3125 100.406767564 104% => OK
Words per sentence: 20.625 20.6045352989 100% => OK
Discourse Markers: 5.625 5.45110844103 103% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.53405017921 88% => OK
Language errors: 0.0 5.5376344086 0% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 5.0 11.8709677419 42% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 3.85842293907 104% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 7.0 4.88709677419 143% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.159328336954 0.236089414692 67% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0617400824638 0.076458572812 81% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0493984672403 0.0737576698707 67% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.105166420495 0.150856017488 70% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.041890156483 0.0645574589148 65% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.7 11.7677419355 108% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 59.64 58.1214874552 103% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 6.10430107527 51% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.9 10.1575268817 97% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.07 10.9000537634 111% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.31 8.01818996416 104% => OK
difficult_words: 77.0 86.8835125448 89% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 10.5 10.002688172 105% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.0 10.0537634409 99% => OK
text_standard: 10.0 10.247311828 98% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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We are expecting: No. of Words: 350 while No. of Different Words: 200
Better to have 5 paragraphs with 3 arguments. And try always support/against one side but compare two sides, like this:
para 1: introduction
para 2: reason 1. address both of the views presented for reason 1
para 3: reason 2. address both of the views presented for reason 2
para 4: reason 3. address both of the views presented for reason 3
para 5: conclusion.
So how to find out those reasons. There is a formula:
reasons == advantages or
reasons == disadvantages
for example, we can always apply 'save time', 'save/make money', 'find a job', 'make friends', 'get more information' as reasons to all essay/speaking topics.
or we can apply 'waste time', 'waste money', 'no job', 'make bad friends', 'get bad information' as reasons to all essay/speaking topics.
Rates: 70.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 21.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.