In 1995 a microscopic fungus called phytophthora ramorum, or P. ramorum, was first detected in the forests of the western United States. P. ramorum infects trees and causes particularly serious damage in oak trees: in many infected oaks, leaves wither rapidly, large cracks appear in the bark, and the trees die. A spread of P. ramorum represents a serious threat to the forests in the western states. Several methods of protecting the forests have been proposed. First, stopping P. ramorum spores from spreading would surely be an effective method. Spores are small particles through which all fungi, including P. ramorum, reproduce. Researchers have discovered that many P. ramorum spores can be found along hiking or biking trails, suggesting human-assisted spread by way of shoes and bicycle tires. A few measures to prevent such human-assisted spread-like encouraging hikers to wash their shoes and installing new bike scrubbers on bicycle trails-would be an effective and low-cost way to stop the spread of P. ramorum. Second, there are a few fungicidal (fungus-fighting) chemicals that can be used to protect the oak trees. Some of these chemicals stimulate the oak trees’ natural defenses against the P. ramorum fungus and have been found in small-scale tryouts to significantly reduce the likelihood that the oaks will be infected. A third way to fight P. ramorum is a practice called clear-cutting. This approach starts with cutting and burning the diseased oaks, but it also involves cutting and burning the seemingly healthy vegetation (bushes and other kinds of trees) surrounding the oaks. This is done because some of the surrounding plants and trees may be infected even though they do not show any symptoms of the disease. Cleaning large areas of vegetation in places where diseased trees are found is often an efficient measure to stop the spread of infections
The main idea of both the passage and the lecture is about protecting trees from P.ramorum. The author proposes three solutions and approaches for taking care of forests threatening by P.ramorum. The lecturer, on the other hand, expresses these methods which are cited in the passage are limited also impractical.
To begin with, the reading claims stopping P.ramorum spores from spreading by humans such as biking trails and shoes' hikers are one of the most effective ways in order to protect forests. The listening, on the contrary, asserts these kinds of spreading by people, does not have huge impact and rainfall is a major reason for carrying spores for long distances; thus, this method is useless.
In addition, the text makes the argument that Fungicidal chemicals can be used to stimulate oak trees to protect themselves. However, the talk states these types of events repeat every few months and there are useful for Oak city park, not a large park, the lecturer asks to imagine what happens if every month they want to utilize this route for solving the problem.
Lastly, the article argues that another way is clear-cutting which cuts and burns all diseased oaks even the healthy one. Conversely, The lecture discusses that sacrifice all tree species even those which have no dangerous disease is so harmful because these trees are rare also this happening has ecological damage and we have to try to prevent such a thing.
- The surest indicator of a great nation is represented not by the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists, but by the general welfare of its people. 59
- Life today is easier and more comfortable than it was when your grandparents were children. 70
- Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study. 50
- Young people today have no influence on the important decisions that determine the future of society as a whole. 76
- Because the world is changing so quickly, people now are less happy or less satisfied with their lives than people were in the past. 70
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 197, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_BEGINNING_RULE
Message: Three successive sentences begin with the same word. Reword the sentence or use a thesaurus to find a synonym.
...re of forests threatening by P.ramorum. The lecturer, on the other hand, expresses ...
^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, conversely, however, if, lastly, so, thus, in addition, such as, on the contrary, to begin with, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 11.0 10.4613686534 105% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 1.0 5.04856512141 20% => OK
Conjunction : 7.0 7.30242825607 96% => OK
Relative clauses : 6.0 12.0772626932 50% => More relative clauses wanted.
Pronoun: 14.0 22.412803532 62% => OK
Preposition: 25.0 30.3222958057 82% => OK
Nominalization: 2.0 5.01324503311 40% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1202.0 1373.03311258 88% => OK
No of words: 240.0 270.72406181 89% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.00833333333 5.08290768461 99% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.93597934253 4.04702891845 97% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.45526291305 2.5805825403 95% => OK
Unique words: 158.0 145.348785872 109% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.658333333333 0.540411800872 122% => OK
syllable_count: 373.5 419.366225166 89% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 1.0 3.25607064018 31% => OK
Article: 10.0 8.23620309051 121% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 4.0 2.5761589404 155% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 9.0 13.0662251656 69% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 26.0 21.2450331126 122% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively long.
Sentence length SD: 55.5713310935 49.2860985944 113% => OK
Chars per sentence: 133.555555556 110.228320801 121% => OK
Words per sentence: 26.6666666667 21.698381199 123% => OK
Discourse Markers: 13.3333333333 7.06452816374 189% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 4.19205298013 24% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 5.0 4.33554083885 115% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 4.45695364238 67% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 1.0 4.27373068433 23% => More facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.0991457238883 0.272083759551 36% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0460041970384 0.0996497079465 46% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0420921417791 0.0662205650399 64% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0597999489636 0.162205337803 37% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0370086775965 0.0443174109184 84% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 15.5 13.3589403974 116% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 45.09 53.8541721854 84% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 13.4 11.0289183223 121% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.07 12.2367328918 99% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 9.14 8.42419426049 108% => OK
difficult_words: 64.0 63.6247240618 101% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 9.0 10.7273730684 84% => OK
gunning_fog: 12.4 10.498013245 118% => OK
text_standard: 13.0 11.2008830022 116% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 88.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 26.5 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.