All too often, inventors from the U.S. and European countries are incorrectly credited for creating the modern world. In fact, various nations around the world are truly responsible for many of the innovations that have shaped our lives today.
To give one example, European armies are credited with developing the modern firearm in the 19th and early 20th centuries. It is true that the European guns were hand-held combustion weapons that could quickly fire a bullet, just like today’s handguns. However, it is also true that 600 years earlier, Chinese armies had already been using firearms called “hand cannons,” which had many of the essential features of the European weapons that came later.
Then there is the case of the airplane. The world remembers American inventors Wilbur and Orville Wright for creating modern flight, with their development of a steerable, motorized flying machine in 1903. Yet Brazilian aviator Alberto Santos-Dumont had made the world’s first true steerable motorized flying machine in 1899. It is further worth noting that the Wright Brothers’ first flights in 1903 and 1904 lasted less than 5 minutes, while Santos-Dumont’s 1899 flight lasted nearly a half hour.
But perhaps the most popular modern invention that historians wrongly thank Europe for is the camera, a device nearly everyone owns and uses today. Most history books name 19th century French photographer Louis Daguerre as the inventor of the camera. In fact, the true inventor of the camera was an Iraqi scientist born nearly 1,000 years before Daguerre. Ibn al-Haytham developed pinhole camera technology, the basis for modern photography, in the early 11th century. This is yet another prominent example of Western inventors dominating our historical awareness, so that we fail to notice how much the rest of the world has contributed to modern life.
Summarize the points made in the lecture you just heard, explaining how they challenge points made in the reading.
Although, both lecture and reading agree that U.S. and European countries were given way too much credit for all the innovation and creativity that shaped the world, lecturer counter attacks all three examples presented by the reading in support of the argument. She asserts that the reading's instances are weak. She even delineates her position by making relevant points.
Firstly, the lecturer puts light on the discovery of camera, which the reading claims to be actually invented by the Iraqi scientist. She adds up to her criticism by saying that even though the Iraqi scientist, al-Haytham, developed the pin hole camera technology way before the European photographer, Louis Daguerre, that pin hole technology never enabled anyone to take the actual photographs or print them. It was only the Loius Daguerre's camera that allowed the mentioned features first in the history.
Furthermore, the airplane example, which was allegedly invented by the Brazilian aviator, Alberto Santos-Dumont, in the reading is also condemned by the lecturer. She delineates the fact that Alberto never invented the airplane, but a hydrogen balloon which was not safe or practical. She, thus, posits that the actual inventors of the airplane were indeed the Wright brothers.
Thirdly, the lecturer once again denies the claim made by the reading that the hand guns were primarily invented by the Chinese. She says that the Chinese hand cannons were too heavy and needed to be carried by two people. On the other hand, European guns were much more sophisticated and served the actual purpose. Hence, it was right to discern the inventors of hand guns as Europeans.
Transition Words or Phrases used:
actually, also, but, first, firstly, furthermore, hence, so, third, thirdly, thus, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 13.0 10.4613686534 124% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 0.0 5.04856512141 0% => OK
Conjunction : 8.0 7.30242825607 110% => OK
Relative clauses : 13.0 12.0772626932 108% => OK
Pronoun: 20.0 22.412803532 89% => OK
Preposition: 25.0 30.3222958057 82% => OK
Nominalization: 3.0 5.01324503311 60% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1392.0 1373.03311258 101% => OK
No of words: 266.0 270.72406181 98% => OK
Chars per words: 5.23308270677 5.08290768461 103% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.03850299372 4.04702891845 100% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.62334910762 2.5805825403 102% => OK
Unique words: 153.0 145.348785872 105% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.575187969925 0.540411800872 106% => OK
syllable_count: 425.7 419.366225166 102% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 8.0 3.25607064018 246% => Less pronouns wanted as sentence beginning.
Article: 3.0 8.23620309051 36% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 2.0 1.51434878587 132% => OK
Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 13.0 13.0662251656 99% => OK
Sentence length: 20.0 21.2450331126 94% => OK
Sentence length SD: 67.8307151456 49.2860985944 138% => OK
Chars per sentence: 107.076923077 110.228320801 97% => OK
Words per sentence: 20.4615384615 21.698381199 94% => OK
Discourse Markers: 7.69230769231 7.06452816374 109% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 0.0 4.19205298013 0% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 5.0 4.33554083885 115% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 4.45695364238 90% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 4.0 4.27373068433 94% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.091206233954 0.272083759551 34% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0279170025177 0.0996497079465 28% => Sentence topic similarity is low.
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0552764983016 0.0662205650399 83% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0582375654812 0.162205337803 36% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0631638291692 0.0443174109184 143% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.4 13.3589403974 100% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 51.18 53.8541721854 95% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 11.1 11.0289183223 101% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 13.05 12.2367328918 107% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.9 8.42419426049 106% => OK
difficult_words: 72.0 63.6247240618 113% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 11.0 10.7273730684 103% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.0 10.498013245 95% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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It is not exactly right on the topic in the view of e-grader. Maybe there is a wrong essay topic.
Rates: 3.33333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 1.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.