Altruism is a type of behavior in which an animal sacrifices its own interest for that of another animal or group of animals. Altruism is the opposite of selfishness; individuals performing altruistic acts gain nothing for themselves.
Examples of altruism abound, both among humans and among other mammals. Unselfish acts among humans range from the sharing of food with strangers to the donation of body organs to family members, and even to strangers. Such acts are altruistic in that they benefit another, yet provide little reward to the one performing the act.
In fact, many species of animals appear willing to sacrifice food, or even their life, to assist other members of their group. The meerkat, which is a mammal that dwells in burrows in grassland areas of Africa, is often cited as an example. In groups of meerkats, an individual acts as a sentinel, standing guard and looking out for predators while the others hunt for food or eat food they have obtained. If the sentinel meerkat sees a predator such as a hawk approaching the group, it gives an alarm cry alerting the other meerkats to run and seek shelter. By standing guard, the sentinel meerkat gains nothing-- it goes without food while the others eat, and it places itself in grave danger. After it issues an alarm, it has to flee alone, which might make it more at risk to a predator, since animals in groups are often able to work together to fend off a predator. So the altruistic sentinel behavior helps ensure the survival of other members of the meerkat's group.
The author of the reading tries to explain the term altruism with the help of examples. The author cites the examples of the human and meerkat to explain the characteristics of the term. However, the lecturer does not agree with the examples presented forward by the author. he challenges the claim made by the author. The belief of the lecturer is explained below.
Firstly, the author presents that the individual acting as a sentinel in a group of the meerkats gains nothing, rather has to stay without food. however the lecturer does not accept this fact. according to him, the animal who acts like the sentinel is the one who eats first, gets satisfied and then only acts as a guard.
Secondly, the author tries to prove that the organism that acts as the sentinel is most vulnerable to attack of the hawk. however, the lecturer does not agree with this example too. he presents the fact that those individual are the first one to detect the hawk. They also stay near the entrance of the borrow. So that when then find the hawk they are the one to escape or go to the safe side. As the other individual busy eating get the signal, they try to gather which increases their chance of getting located and get attacked by the enemies.
Third, according to the author altruists donate their body organ to their family member or complete stranger and in return receive no any reward. however the lecturer refutes this claim with the statement that reward need not be monetary always. according to him, the donor need to take consent of the recipient. The donor will also receive a lot of appreciation and this will in turn increase the self-esteem or the value of oneself. Thus the lecturer believes that the reward can be non monetary.
At the conclusion, the author tries to define the term and provides the example of each characteristic however the lecturer refutes such explanation citing some experiments.
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- TOEFL integrated writing: Altruism. 3
- Do you agree or disagree?Students are more influenced by their teachers than by their friends. 73
- Altruism is a type of behavior in which an animal sacrifices its own interest for that of another animal or group of animals. Altruism is the opposite of selfishness; individuals performing altruistic acts gain nothing for themselves. Examples of altruis 3
- In 1938 an archaeologist in Iraq acquired a set of clay jars that had been excavated two years earlier by villagers constructing a railroad line. The vessel was about 2,200 years old. Each clay jar contained a copper cylinder surrounding an iron rod. The 85
- Some young adults want independence from their parents as soon as possible. Other young adults prefer to live with their families for a longer time. Which of these situations do you think is better? 70
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 276, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: He
...amples presented forward by the author. he challenges the claim made by the author...
^^
Line 3, column 146, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: However
...thing, rather has to stay without food. however the lecturer does not accept this fact....
^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 146, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: however,
...thing, rather has to stay without food. however the lecturer does not accept this fact....
^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 194, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: According
...the lecturer does not accept this fact. according to him, the animal who acts like the se...
^^^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 123, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: However
... most vulnerable to attack of the hawk. however, the lecturer does not agree with this ...
^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 183, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: He
...r does not agree with this example too. he presents the fact that those individual...
^^
Line 5, column 300, Rule ID: A_INFINITVE[1]
Message: Probably a wrong construction: a/the + infinitive
...wk. They also stay near the entrance of the borrow. So that when then find the hawk they a...
^^^^^^^^^^
Line 7, column 132, Rule ID: NOW[2]
Message: Did you mean 'now' (=at this moment) instead of 'no' (negation)?
Suggestion: now
...complete stranger and in return receive no any reward. however the lecturer refute...
^^
Line 7, column 147, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: However
...er and in return receive no any reward. however the lecturer refutes this claim with th...
^^^^^^^
Line 7, column 147, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: however,
...er and in return receive no any reward. however the lecturer refutes this claim with th...
^^^^^^^
Line 7, column 239, Rule ID: ADVERB_WORD_ORDER[3]
Message: The adverb 'always' is usually not used at the end of a sentence.
...tement that reward need not be monetary always. according to him, the donor need to ta...
^^^^^^
Line 7, column 247, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: According
...hat reward need not be monetary always. according to him, the donor need to take consent ...
^^^^^^^^^
Line 7, column 436, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: Thus,
...he self-esteem or the value of oneself. Thus the lecturer believes that the reward c...
^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, first, firstly, however, second, secondly, so, then, third, thus, as to
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 7.0 10.4613686534 67% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 5.0 5.04856512141 99% => OK
Conjunction : 9.0 7.30242825607 123% => OK
Relative clauses : 11.0 12.0772626932 91% => OK
Pronoun: 23.0 22.412803532 103% => OK
Preposition: 43.0 30.3222958057 142% => OK
Nominalization: 4.0 5.01324503311 80% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1589.0 1373.03311258 116% => OK
No of words: 333.0 270.72406181 123% => OK
Chars per words: 4.77177177177 5.08290768461 94% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.27180144563 4.04702891845 106% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.46057937227 2.5805825403 95% => OK
Unique words: 164.0 145.348785872 113% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.492492492492 0.540411800872 91% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 488.7 419.366225166 117% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 4.0 3.25607064018 123% => OK
Article: 11.0 8.23620309051 134% => OK
Subordination: 2.0 1.25165562914 160% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 4.0 2.5761589404 155% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 20.0 13.0662251656 153% => OK
Sentence length: 16.0 21.2450331126 75% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 38.7134020722 49.2860985944 79% => OK
Chars per sentence: 79.45 110.228320801 72% => OK
Words per sentence: 16.65 21.698381199 77% => OK
Discourse Markers: 3.85 7.06452816374 54% => More transition words/phrases wanted.
Paragraphs: 5.0 4.09492273731 122% => OK
Language errors: 13.0 4.19205298013 310% => Less language errors wanted.
Sentences with positive sentiment : 10.0 4.33554083885 231% => Less positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 5.0 4.45695364238 112% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 5.0 4.27373068433 117% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.0847122140687 0.272083759551 31% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0238271334469 0.0996497079465 24% => Sentence topic similarity is low.
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.028997438774 0.0662205650399 44% => Sentences are similar to each other.
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0484006467879 0.162205337803 30% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0369523205696 0.0443174109184 83% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 9.4 13.3589403974 70% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 63.7 53.8541721854 118% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 8.4 11.0289183223 76% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 10.09 12.2367328918 82% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 7.37 8.42419426049 87% => OK
difficult_words: 62.0 63.6247240618 97% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 5.5 10.7273730684 51% => Linsear_write_formula is low.
gunning_fog: 8.4 10.498013245 80% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Write the essay in 20 minutes.
It is not exactly right on the topic in the view of e-grader. Maybe there is a wrong essay topic.
Rates: 3.33333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 1.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.