Scientists are considering the possibility of sending humans to Mars in the coming decades. Although there have been successful manned missions to the Moon in the 1960s and 1970s, Mars is 150 times further away from Earth than the Moon is. Thus the project of sending humans to Mars would require solving an array of problems the Moon missions did not have to face.
One problem is that a round-trip to Mars and back is likely to take at least two years. The trip to the Moon lasted only a few days, and it was easy to bring enough supplies of food, water, and oxygen; but the cargo capacity of space vehicles is too limited to put on board the food, water, and oxygen required by a crew for a period of two years. Without those essentials, though, a Mars mission is impossible.
A second problem is that astronauts on the Mars mission would be in the zero-gravity environment of space for many months at a time. Spending a long time in the zero-gravity environment has negative effects on the human body, such as decreased muscle mass and lower bone density. Over the course of a two-year mission, the effects would be so severe, they would make it impossible for humans to make the trip without experiencing grave medical problems.
Finally, astronauts on a mission to Mars would be exposed to dangerous levels of space radiation, much of which comes in the form of charged particles emitted by the Sun. Earth's magnetic field, which normally protects us from dangerous solar radiation, would not be able to protect a spaceship traveling in interplanetary space. Constructing a shield that would protect the whole spaceship from space radiation is at present impossible because it would add too much weight to the ship.
Question : Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they respond to the specific concerns presented in the reading passage.
The reading is discussing on the problem that might rise during the travel to moon while the lecture provides solution to those problem. The author of the reading feels that project of sending human to Mars would only be possible if we are to solve the problem that we didn't face while travelling to Moon and this include the problems like lack of essential supplies, impact of zero gravity on human health and expose to harmful radiation. The lecture challenges the claim made by the author. He believes that the problem that might arise during the time in moon is solvable and presents the solution to those problems
To begin with the author argues that round-trip to Mars would need more supplies for a longer period. The article states that it would need 2 years to complete the mission while that of moon would complete in few days. Hence the astronaut would need more supplies of food, water and oxygen and carrying these resources as a stock for 2 years won't be possible. The specific argument has been challenged by the author and proposes hydroponics as a solution. Hydroponics would require less space and can be used to cultivate the food. This will supply fresh air as it uses carbon dioxide produced by the human and gives off oxygen to breath. This system will also help to recycle water waste and gives clear water that can be used for drinking purpose.
The author furthers adds the negative impact of the gravity in human health citing an example of decreased muscle mass and bone density. However the lecturer disagree with the claim and states that regular exercise and taking Calcium will help to keep up the muscle mass and bone density respectively.
The last claim made by the author is about the harmful effect of solar radiation. According to the author, the charged particles from the sun will cause the harmful effect which is neutralized by earth's magnetic field in earth and such neutralization is absent in interplanetary spaces. The author adds the shield won't be a can be done idea as it would be too heavy. The lecturer presents his idea about the shelter which is a shielded area that can be used by the astronaut to spend the time when sun radiates harmful radiation. The sun does not always emit the harmful radiation. A instrument can be installed along the space craft to detect such radiation and the astronaut can use the shielded area until there is the harmful radiation.
Thus the author points out the area where the improvement is needed to carry out mission Mars and the lecturer provides the solution to those circumstances that has been pointed out by the author.
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- TOEFL integrated writing: Altruism. 3
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 123, Rule ID: THIS_NNS[2]
Message: Did you mean 'this problem' or 'those problems'?
Suggestion: this problem; those problems
... while the lecture provides solution to those problem. The author of the reading feels that p...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 1, column 270, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: didn't
... if we are to solve the problem that we didnt face while travelling to Moon and this ...
^^^^^
Line 1, column 441, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_BEGINNING_RULE
Message: Three successive sentences begin with the same word. Reword the sentence or use a thesaurus to find a synonym.
...health and expose to harmful radiation. The lecture challenges the claim made by th...
^^^
Line 3, column 220, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: Hence,
...hat of moon would complete in few days. Hence the astronaut would need more supplies ...
^^^^^
Line 7, column 138, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: However,
...decreased muscle mass and bone density. However the lecturer disagree with the claim an...
^^^^^^^
Line 11, column 531, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_BEGINNING_RULE
Message: Three successive sentences begin with the same word. Reword the sentence or use a thesaurus to find a synonym.
...me when sun radiates harmful radiation. The sun does not always emit the harmful ra...
^^^
Line 11, column 583, Rule ID: EN_A_VS_AN
Message: Use 'An' instead of 'A' if the following word starts with a vowel sound, e.g. 'an article', 'an hour'
Suggestion: An
... not always emit the harmful radiation. A instrument can be installed along the s...
^
Line 15, column 1, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: Thus,
...il there is the harmful radiation. Thus the author points out the area where th...
^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, hence, however, if, so, thus, while, to begin with
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 20.0 10.4613686534 191% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 22.0 5.04856512141 436% => Less auxiliary verb wanted.
Conjunction : 16.0 7.30242825607 219% => Less conjunction wanted
Relative clauses : 16.0 12.0772626932 132% => OK
Pronoun: 26.0 22.412803532 116% => OK
Preposition: 58.0 30.3222958057 191% => OK
Nominalization: 14.0 5.01324503311 279% => Less nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 2175.0 1373.03311258 158% => OK
No of words: 455.0 270.72406181 168% => Less content wanted.
Chars per words: 4.78021978022 5.08290768461 94% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.61852021839 4.04702891845 114% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.41006222984 2.5805825403 93% => OK
Unique words: 208.0 145.348785872 143% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.457142857143 0.540411800872 85% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 664.2 419.366225166 158% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 3.25607064018 92% => OK
Article: 12.0 8.23620309051 146% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 19.0 13.0662251656 145% => OK
Sentence length: 23.0 21.2450331126 108% => OK
Sentence length SD: 62.5420412619 49.2860985944 127% => OK
Chars per sentence: 114.473684211 110.228320801 104% => OK
Words per sentence: 23.9473684211 21.698381199 110% => OK
Discourse Markers: 2.94736842105 7.06452816374 42% => More transition words/phrases wanted.
Paragraphs: 5.0 4.09492273731 122% => OK
Language errors: 8.0 4.19205298013 191% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 5.0 4.33554083885 115% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 6.0 4.45695364238 135% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 8.0 4.27373068433 187% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.110180181369 0.272083759551 40% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0314586188081 0.0996497079465 32% => Sentence topic similarity is low.
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0377652278839 0.0662205650399 57% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0619991016624 0.162205337803 38% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0350720739253 0.0443174109184 79% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.1 13.3589403974 98% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 56.59 53.8541721854 105% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 11.1 11.0289183223 101% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 10.74 12.2367328918 88% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.21 8.42419426049 97% => OK
difficult_words: 99.0 63.6247240618 156% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 12.5 10.7273730684 117% => OK
gunning_fog: 11.2 10.498013245 107% => OK
text_standard: 11.0 11.2008830022 98% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Write the essay in 20 minutes.
Rates: 73.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 22.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.