Carved stone balls are a curious type of artifact found at a number of locations in Scotland. They date from the late Neolithic period, around 4,000 years ago. They are round in shape; they were carved from several types of stone; most are about 70 mm in diameter; and many are ornamented to some degree. Archaeologists do not agree about their purpose and meaning, but there are several theories.
One theory is that the carved stone balls were weapons used in hunting or fighting. Some of the stone balls have been found with holes in them, and many have grooves on the surface. It is possible that a cord was strung through the holes or laid in the grooves around the ball. Holding the stone balls at the end of the cord would have allowed a person to swing it around or throw it.
A second theory is that the carved stone balls were used as part of a primitive system of weights and measures. The fact that they are so nearly uniform in size – at 70 mm in diameter – suggests that the balls were interchangeable and represented some standard unit of measure. They could have been used as standard weights to measure quantities of grain or other food, or anything that needed to be measured by weight on a balance or scale for the purpose of trade.
A third theory is that the carved stone balls served a social purpose as opposed to a practical or utilitarian one. This view is supported by the fact that many stone balls have elaborate designs. The elaborate carving suggests that the stones may have marked the important social status of their owners.
The reading passage says some reason about the carved stone balls which found around the scotland 4000 years ago. However, the lecture challenges that reasons.
first, the lecturer says that the reading's claim about the hunting and fighiting purpose of the balls is wrong. she says that other kind of historical weapons like arrows ,are always damaged by the time and never they might be compeletly presarved. But the balls are not cracked and destroyed . but they are at a good situation.
the speaker also refutes the reading claim that this balls were used for weighting or measurement. according to the lecture, there have been some different kind of balls in that time , like sand balls or green balls. this different kind of balls had spacial density and they could not be the instrument of meaturement because the same size balls might had different weight.
finally, the lecture is not convienced that this stone balls were used for the social purpose and the person situation in the society.she claims that usually important persons in the past buried on their position while all of the balls are found in the tunes or caraves.
so the speaker says that the reading are not convienced her about carved stone balls .
- Starting in the 1960s and continuing until the 1980s, sailors in Russian submarines patrolling the North Alantic and Arctic Ocean would occasionally hear strange sounds. These underwater noises reminded the submarine crews of frog croaks, so they called t 70
- Essay topics: TPO-43 - Integrated Writing TaskAgnostids were a group of marine animals that became extinct about 450 million years ago. Agnostid fossils can be found in rocks in many areas around the world. From the fossil remains, we know that agnostids 73
- Essay topics: TPO-41 - Integrated Writing TaskBurning coal in power plants produces a waste product called coal ash, a material that contains small amounts of potentially harmful chemicals Environmentalists in the United States are concerned about the dam 80
- Essay topics: TPO 45- independent writing taskDo you agree or disagree with the following statement?In the past, young people depended too much on their parents to make decisions for them; today young people are better able to make decisions about their o 66
- Essay topics: TPO-45 - Integrated Writing TaskAny student of paleontology will be struck by the fact that a great many animals of the past were considerably larger than they are today. This holds true for species ranging from dinosaurs to most mammals. Ju 73
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 3, column 1, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: First
...the lecture challenges that reasons. first, the lecturer says that the readings cl...
^^^^^
Line 3, column 113, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: She
...ighiting purpose of the balls is wrong. she says that other kind of historical weap...
^^^
Line 3, column 171, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Put a space after the comma, but not before the comma
Suggestion: ,
...r kind of historical weapons like arrows ,are always damaged by the time and never...
^^
Line 3, column 293, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Don't put a space before the full stop
Suggestion: .
... the balls are not cracked and destroyed . but they are at a good situation. th...
^^
Line 3, column 296, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: But
...e balls are not cracked and destroyed . but they are at a good situation. the sp...
^^^
Line 5, column 1, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: The
... . but they are at a good situation. the speaker also refutes the reading claim ...
^^^
Line 5, column 100, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: According
...were used for weighting or measurement. according to the lecture, there have been some di...
^^^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 183, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Put a space after the comma, but not before the comma
Suggestion: ,
...ome different kind of balls in that time , like sand balls or green balls. this di...
^^
Line 5, column 218, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: This
... time , like sand balls or green balls. this different kind of balls had spacial den...
^^^^
Line 5, column 318, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...uld not be the instrument of meaturement because the same size balls might had di...
^^
Line 7, column 1, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Finally
...ze balls might had different weight. finally, the lecture is not convienced that thi...
^^^^^^^
Line 7, column 220, Rule ID: ALL_OF_THE[1]
Message: Simply use 'all the'.
Suggestion: all the
...the past buried on their position while all of the balls are found in the tunes or caraves...
^^^^^^^^^^
Line 9, column 1, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: So
... are found in the tunes or caraves. so the speaker says that the reading are n...
^^
Line 9, column 85, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Don't put a space before the full stop
Suggestion: .
... convienced her about carved stone balls .
^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, finally, first, however, if, so, while, kind of
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 12.0 10.4613686534 115% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 3.0 5.04856512141 59% => OK
Conjunction : 10.0 7.30242825607 137% => OK
Relative clauses : 9.0 12.0772626932 75% => More relative clauses wanted.
Pronoun: 18.0 22.412803532 80% => OK
Preposition: 21.0 30.3222958057 69% => OK
Nominalization: 6.0 5.01324503311 120% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1027.0 1373.03311258 75% => OK
No of words: 207.0 270.72406181 76% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 4.961352657 5.08290768461 98% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.79308509922 4.04702891845 94% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.31327138265 2.5805825403 90% => OK
Unique words: 114.0 145.348785872 78% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.550724637681 0.540411800872 102% => OK
syllable_count: 300.6 419.366225166 72% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 3.25607064018 92% => OK
Article: 5.0 8.23620309051 61% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 2.0 1.51434878587 132% => OK
Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 11.0 13.0662251656 84% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 18.0 21.2450331126 85% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 62.9883893276 49.2860985944 128% => OK
Chars per sentence: 93.3636363636 110.228320801 85% => OK
Words per sentence: 18.8181818182 21.698381199 87% => OK
Discourse Markers: 5.27272727273 7.06452816374 75% => OK
Paragraphs: 5.0 4.09492273731 122% => OK
Language errors: 14.0 4.19205298013 334% => Less language errors wanted.
Sentences with positive sentiment : 5.0 4.33554083885 115% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 2.0 4.45695364238 45% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 4.0 4.27373068433 94% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.213785470825 0.272083759551 79% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0892753727762 0.0996497079465 90% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0723050331962 0.0662205650399 109% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.134899549311 0.162205337803 83% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0511584665937 0.0443174109184 115% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 11.3 13.3589403974 85% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 61.67 53.8541721854 115% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.1 11.0289183223 83% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.49 12.2367328918 94% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 7.73 8.42419426049 92% => OK
difficult_words: 42.0 63.6247240618 66% => More difficult words wanted.
linsear_write_formula: 6.5 10.7273730684 61% => OK
gunning_fog: 9.2 10.498013245 88% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 70.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 21.0 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.