Did bees (a type of insect) exist on Earth as early as 200 million years ago? Such a theory is supported by the discovery of very old fossil structures that resemble bee nests. The structures have been found inside 200- million-year-old fossilized trees in the state of Arizona in the southwestern United States. However, many skeptics doubt that the structures were created by bees. The skeptics support their view with several arguments.
No Fossils of Actual Bees
First, no fossil remains of actual bees have ever been found that date to 200 million years ago. The earliest preserved body of a bee is 100 million years old—only half as old as the fossilized structures discovered in Arizona.
Absence of Flowering Plants
A second reason to doubt that bees existed 200 million years ago is the absence of flowering plants in that period. Today's bees feed almost exclusively on the flowers of flowering plants; in fact, bees and flowering plants have evolved a close, mutually dependent biological relationship. Flowering plants, however, first appeared on Earth 125 million years ago. Given the bees’ close association with flowering plants, it is unlikely bees could have existed before that time.
There is a big debate about the time that bees have existed in Earth. There is a fossil which provides some evidenc for this idea that bees were on Earth since 200 milion years ago, the article proposes three different reason to illustrate this fossilized structure is not related to bees, and asserts that bees have not lived on Earth since that time. Conversely, the professor refuts those reasons and asserts that none of those reasons are convincing.
Firsrt, the lecture states that no bees' fossils have been found from that long time ago, and the oldest fossil of bees came back to 100 milion years ago. It is true that we have not found such an old bees fossil, but it does not mean that bees were not at that time, the professor says. He adds that the bees fossil could preserve only in resin of trees, and it was possible that resin producing trees were not 200 million years ago on the Earth: then, bees did not have the chance to be fossilized.
Second, the article claimes that bees and flowering plants have had a mutual relationship, and because flowering plants are so much younger, about 125 million years, bees could not have existed befor flowering trees. On the other hand, the lecturer refutes this by asserting that maybe bees had existed before flowering trees and had fed on different trees like palm or oak trees which was non-flowering trees, and after the appearance of the flowering plants on Earth bees adopted new eating habit.
Third, the reading avers that fossilized structures have not some part of the bees chamber like a spiral cap, which bees use in their chambers. Controversially, the spokesman denies this idea and mentions that some contemporary bees are using a waterproof material to close their chamber and it is possible that bees at that time had that ability to produce such a chemical like this. Then, this chemical had not had any remains in the fossil.
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| 2023-09-07 | YasamanEsml | 88 | view |
| 2023-08-04 | sahel | 76 | view |
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 2, column 1, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
... none of those reasons are convincing. Firsrt, the lecture states that no bees ...
^^^^^^
Line 2, column 206, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[2]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'bees'' or 'bee's'?
Suggestion: bees'; bee's
...true that we have not found such an old bees fossil, but it does not mean that bees ...
^^^^
Line 2, column 310, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[1]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'bees'' or 'bee's'?
Suggestion: bees'; bee's
...e, the professor says. He adds that the bees fossil could preserve only in resin of ...
^^^^
Line 3, column 1, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...not have the chance to be fossilized. Second, the article claimes that bees an...
^^^^^^
Line 4, column 1, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
... Earth bees adopted new eating habit. Third, the reading avers that fossilized...
^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, conversely, if, may, second, so, then, third, it is true, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 15.0 10.4613686534 143% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 2.0 5.04856512141 40% => OK
Conjunction : 12.0 7.30242825607 164% => OK
Relative clauses : 22.0 12.0772626932 182% => OK
Pronoun: 35.0 22.412803532 156% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 34.0 30.3222958057 112% => OK
Nominalization: 1.0 5.01324503311 20% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1572.0 1373.03311258 114% => OK
No of words: 333.0 270.72406181 123% => OK
Chars per words: 4.72072072072 5.08290768461 93% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.27180144563 4.04702891845 106% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.31690974651 2.5805825403 90% => OK
Unique words: 163.0 145.348785872 112% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.489489489489 0.540411800872 91% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 476.1 419.366225166 114% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.4 1.55342163355 90% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 3.25607064018 92% => OK
Article: 8.0 8.23620309051 97% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 6.0 1.51434878587 396% => Less conjunction wanted as sentence beginning.
Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 11.0 13.0662251656 84% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 30.0 21.2450331126 141% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively long.
Sentence length SD: 76.1616375961 49.2860985944 155% => OK
Chars per sentence: 142.909090909 110.228320801 130% => OK
Words per sentence: 30.2727272727 21.698381199 140% => OK
Discourse Markers: 7.27272727273 7.06452816374 103% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 5.0 4.19205298013 119% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 4.0 4.33554083885 92% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 4.45695364238 67% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 4.0 4.27373068433 94% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.376068958378 0.272083759551 138% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.15732698527 0.0996497079465 158% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0931383472828 0.0662205650399 141% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.232771377584 0.162205337803 144% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.113480509651 0.0443174109184 256% => More connections among paragraphs wanted.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 15.9 13.3589403974 119% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 57.95 53.8541721854 108% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 12.6 11.0289183223 114% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 10.69 12.2367328918 87% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.06 8.42419426049 96% => OK
difficult_words: 62.0 63.6247240618 97% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 13.0 10.7273730684 121% => OK
gunning_fog: 14.0 10.498013245 133% => OK
text_standard: 13.0 11.2008830022 116% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Write the essay in 20 minutes.
Rates: 73.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 22.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.