Did bees a type of insect exist on Earth as early as 200 million years ago? Such a theory is supported by the discovery of very old fossil structures that resemble bee nests. The structures have been found inside 200-million-year-old fossilized trees in the state of Arizona in the southwestern United States. However, many skeptics doubt that the structures were created by bees. The skeptics support their view with several arguments.
No Fossils of Actual Bees
First, no fossil remains of actual bees have ever been found that date to 200 million years ago. The earliest preserved body of a bee is 100 million years old—only half as old as the fossilized structures discovered in Arizona.
Absence of Flowering Plants
A second reason to doubt that bees existed 200 million years ago is the absence of flowering plants in that period. Today's bees feed almost exclusively on the flowers of flowering plants; in fact, bees and flowering plants have evolved a close, mutually dependent biological relationship. Flowering plants, however, first appeared on Earth 125 million years ago. Given the bees' close association with flowering plants, it is unlikely bees could have existed before that time.
Structures Lack Some Details
Third, while the fossilized structures found in Arizona are somewhat similar to nest chambers made by modern bees, they lack some of the finer details of bees' nests. For example, chambers of modern bee nests are closed by caps that have a spiral pattern, but the fossilized chambers lack such caps. That suggests the fossilized structures were made by other insects, such as wood-boring beetles.
The article states that it is unlikely that bees existed on Earth 200 million years ago because three reasons: no fossils of actual bees, absence of flowering plants and structures lacking some details. However, the lecturer explains that it is likely that bees did exist on Earth as early as 200 million years ago for refuting the three reasons.
First, the reading claims that there were no fossil remains of actual bees back in 200 million years ago, the earliest fossil remains of bees were 100 million years old. However, the lecturer refutes this point by saying that due to the lack of trees in the early 200 million years ago, there were no enough trees that could produce chemical liquid to preserve bees' body. Therefore, it was possible that the bees did live in 200 million years ago.
Second, the article points out that because the close relationship between with flower and bees, bees could not live in 200 million years ago that flowers did not exist. In contrast, the lecturer argues that bees in 200 million years ago could feed on non-flowery plant like pine trees or others. Later, when flowers started to grow, bees adopt from trees to flowers.
Third, the author notes that the fossilize structures were similar to made by modern bees that bee nests closed by cap, so it is possible that the fossilized structures were made by other insects. The lecturer opposed this point by saying that bees in 200 million years ago made their nests with water proof materials to protect themselves which were as same as the modern bees do. As a result, it is possible that bees existed 200 million years ago.
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| 2023-09-07 | YasamanEsml | 88 | view |
| 2023-08-04 | sahel | 76 | view |
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 7, column 30, Rule ID: A_INFINITVE[1]
Message: Probably a wrong construction: a/the + infinitive
...lowers. Third, the author notes that the fossilize structures were similar to made by mode...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 7, column 297, Rule ID: EN_COMPOUNDS
Message: This word is normally spelled as one.
Suggestion: waterproof
...million years ago made their nests with water proof materials to protect themselves which w...
^^^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
first, however, second, so, therefore, third, in contrast, as a result
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 11.0 10.4613686534 105% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 3.0 5.04856512141 59% => OK
Conjunction : 3.0 7.30242825607 41% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 18.0 12.0772626932 149% => OK
Pronoun: 25.0 22.412803532 112% => OK
Preposition: 32.0 30.3222958057 106% => OK
Nominalization: 1.0 5.01324503311 20% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1344.0 1373.03311258 98% => OK
No of words: 282.0 270.72406181 104% => OK
Chars per words: 4.76595744681 5.08290768461 94% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.09790868904 4.04702891845 101% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.12751772577 2.5805825403 82% => OK
Unique words: 130.0 145.348785872 89% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.460992907801 0.540411800872 85% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 387.9 419.366225166 92% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.4 1.55342163355 90% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 2.0 3.25607064018 61% => OK
Article: 9.0 8.23620309051 109% => OK
Subordination: 2.0 1.25165562914 160% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 1.0 2.5761589404 39% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 11.0 13.0662251656 84% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 25.0 21.2450331126 118% => OK
Sentence length SD: 50.8761256906 49.2860985944 103% => OK
Chars per sentence: 122.181818182 110.228320801 111% => OK
Words per sentence: 25.6363636364 21.698381199 118% => OK
Discourse Markers: 6.36363636364 7.06452816374 90% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 2.0 4.19205298013 48% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 2.0 4.33554083885 46% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 4.45695364238 90% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 5.0 4.27373068433 117% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.505194547976 0.272083759551 186% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.250585264061 0.0996497079465 251% => Sentence topic similarity is high.
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0810751220099 0.0662205650399 122% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.351126781207 0.162205337803 216% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0560370182116 0.0443174109184 126% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.9 13.3589403974 104% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 63.02 53.8541721854 117% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.7 11.0289183223 97% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 10.68 12.2367328918 87% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 7.84 8.42419426049 93% => OK
difficult_words: 53.0 63.6247240618 83% => More difficult words wanted.
linsear_write_formula: 13.0 10.7273730684 121% => OK
gunning_fog: 12.0 10.498013245 114% => OK
text_standard: 11.0 11.2008830022 98% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 73.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 22.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.