Did bees a type of insect exist on Earth as early as 200 million years ago? Such a theory is supported by the discovery of very old fossil structures that resemble bee nests. The structures have been found inside 200-million-year-old fossilized trees in the state of Arizona in the southwestern United States. However, many skeptics doubt that the structures were created by bees. The skeptics support their view with several arguments.
No Fossils of Actual Bees
First, no fossil remains of actual bees have ever been found that date to 200 million years ago. The earliest preserved body of a bee is 100 million years old—only half as old as the fossilized structures discovered in Arizona.
Absence of Flowering Plants
A second reason to doubt that bees existed 200 million years ago is the absence of flowering plants in that period. Today's bees feed almost exclusively on the flowers of flowering plants; in fact, bees and flowering plants have evolved a close, mutually dependent biological relationship. Flowering plants, however, first appeared on Earth 125 million years ago. Given the bees' close association with flowering plants, it is unlikely bees could have existed before that time.
Structures Lack Some Details
Third, while the fossilized structures found in Arizona are somewhat similar to nest chambers made by modern bees, they lack some of the finer details of bees' nests. For example, chambers of modern bee nests are closed by caps that have a spiral pattern, but the fossilized chambers lack such caps. That suggests the fossilized structures were made by other insects, such as wood-boring beetles.
The reading and the lecture are both about whether the fossil structure which has been found inside 200-million-year-old trees in the state of Arizona could be created by bees. While the skeptics don't perceive that bees made such a creation, the lecturer disputes the claims presented in the article. Her position is that bees definitely could create the fossil structure.
According to the article, no actual bees have been found in fossils that could be dated back to 200 million years ago. It also
mentions that the earliest bees were found 100 years ago. This argument has been challenged by the lecturer. She argued that there were no bees in that period just because bees could hard to be preserved. In addition, she points out that bees were mainly preserved in tree raisins in a liquid way, which was quite rare 200 million years ago.
Secondly, the skeptics suggest that bees would not exist since there were no flowering plants that bees feed on. In the article, it is said that bees and flowering plants have evolved a close, mutually dependent biological relationship. The lecturer, however, asserts that bees could also live without flowering plants. He goes on to say that before flowering plants existed, bees were associated with non-flowers, such as pine trees.
Finally, the skeptics put forth the idea that structures in the fossil lack some details which could prove the relationship between bees' nests and the fossil. The skeptics contended that modern bees' nests had a spiral pattern, while the fossilized chambers do not, which means such structure was possibly created by other insects. In contrast, the lecturer's stance is bees' nests and the fossil do have some similarities. He notes that the water-proof chemical material used in modern bees' nests was also found in the fossil.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2023-09-07 | YasamanEsml | 88 | view |
| 2023-08-04 | sahel | 76 | view |
| 2023-06-29 | Vivian Chang | 73 | view |
| 2023-02-18 | reza_fattahi | 80 | view |
| 2023-02-13 | zaid | 73 | view |
- Did bees a type of insect exist on Earth as early as 200 million years ago Such a theory is supported by the discovery of very old fossil structures that resemble bee nests The structures have been found inside 200 million year old fossilized trees in the 85
- the fossils of bees founded in million years ago 75
- Did bees a type of insect exist on Earth as early as 200 million years ago Such a theory is supported by the discovery of very old fossil structures that resemble bee nests The structures have been found inside 200 million year old fossilized trees in the 85
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 197, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: don't
... be created by bees. While the skeptics dont perceive that bees made such a creation...
^^^^
Line 4, column 283, Rule ID: IN_A_X_MANNER[1]
Message: Consider replacing "in a liquid way" with adverb for "liquid"; eg, "in a hasty manner" with "hastily".
...s were mainly preserved in tree raisins in a liquid way, which was quite rare 200 million years...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 6, column 436, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...d with non-flowers, such as pine trees. Finally, the skeptics put forth the idea...
^^^^^
Line 8, column 349, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[1]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'lecturers'' or 'lecturer's'?
Suggestion: lecturers'; lecturer's
...ated by other insects. In contrast, the lecturers stance is bees nests and the fossil do ...
^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, finally, however, second, secondly, so, while, in addition, in contrast, such as
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 18.0 10.4613686534 172% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 7.0 5.04856512141 139% => OK
Conjunction : 4.0 7.30242825607 55% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 19.0 12.0772626932 157% => OK
Pronoun: 23.0 22.412803532 103% => OK
Preposition: 30.0 30.3222958057 99% => OK
Nominalization: 4.0 5.01324503311 80% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1520.0 1373.03311258 111% => OK
No of words: 300.0 270.72406181 111% => OK
Chars per words: 5.06666666667 5.08290768461 100% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.16179145029 4.04702891845 103% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.55342036405 2.5805825403 99% => OK
Unique words: 160.0 145.348785872 110% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.533333333333 0.540411800872 99% => OK
syllable_count: 438.3 419.366225166 105% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 8.0 3.25607064018 246% => Less pronouns wanted as sentence beginning.
Article: 7.0 8.23620309051 85% => OK
Subordination: 2.0 1.25165562914 160% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 4.0 2.5761589404 155% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 16.0 13.0662251656 122% => OK
Sentence length: 18.0 21.2450331126 85% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 35.3460018071 49.2860985944 72% => OK
Chars per sentence: 95.0 110.228320801 86% => OK
Words per sentence: 18.75 21.698381199 86% => OK
Discourse Markers: 5.375 7.06452816374 76% => OK
Paragraphs: 5.0 4.09492273731 122% => OK
Language errors: 4.0 4.19205298013 95% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 3.0 4.33554083885 69% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 6.0 4.45695364238 135% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 7.0 4.27373068433 164% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.409193504706 0.272083759551 150% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.140895173557 0.0996497079465 141% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0892762758664 0.0662205650399 135% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.24692282756 0.162205337803 152% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0761969788825 0.0443174109184 172% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 11.8 13.3589403974 88% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 61.67 53.8541721854 115% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.1 11.0289183223 83% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.13 12.2367328918 99% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.32 8.42419426049 99% => OK
difficult_words: 72.0 63.6247240618 113% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 8.0 10.7273730684 75% => OK
gunning_fog: 9.2 10.498013245 88% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 85.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 25.5 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.