Endotherms are animals such as modern birds and mammals that keep their body temperatures constant. For instance, humans are endotherms and maintain an internal temperature of 37°C, no matter whether the environment is warm or cold.
Because dinosaurs were reptiles, and modern reptiles are not endotherms, it was long assumed that dinosaurs were not endotherms. However, dinosaurs differ in many ways from modern reptiles, and there is now considerable evidence that dinosaurs were, in fact, endotherms.
Polar dinosaurs
One reason for believing that dinosaurs were endotherms is that dinosaur fossils have been discovered in Polar Regions. Only animals that can maintain a temperature well above that of the surrounding environment could be active in such cold climates.
Leg position and movement
There is a connection between endothermy and the position and movement of the legs. The physiology of endothermy allows sustained physical activity, such as running. But running is efficient only if an animal's legs are positioned underneath its body, not at the body's side, as they are for crocodiles and many lizards. The legs of all modern endotherms are underneath the body, and so were the legs of dinosaurs. This strongly suggests that dinosaurs were endotherms.
Haversian canals
There is also a connection between endothermy and bone structure. The bones of endotherms usually include structures called Haversian canals. These canals house nerves and blood vessels that allow the living animal to grow quickly, and rapid body growth is, in fact, a characteristic of endothermy. The presence of Haversian canals in bone is a strong indicator that the animal is an endotherm, and fossilized bones of dinosaurs are usually dense with Haversian canals.
The reading states that exist quite evidence today to affirm that dinosaurs were endotherms. However, the professor said there are many scholars that had doubts about it, and refuses each reason presented in the test, casting doubts in the author’s beliefs.
Firstly, the reading points out that have been discovered a significant number of dinosaur’s fossils in polar regions, and owing to the weather conditions there, only endotherm animals could survive. Nonetheless, the professor disproves this stating that the average temperature today is higher than the existent millions of years ago. Moreover, there are other possibility and it is that those animals could have migrated or hibernated, as many modern species do; which this argument falls apart.
Secondly, the article argues that exist a correlation between the position of the legs and its movement. there are physical activities, like running, that are only efficient with the legs under the body, as presents endotherm animals nowadays. The orator contradicts this position, saying that there are another explanation for this characteristic, and it is that the legs under the body allows to support more weight, and therefore, they could grow more.
Finally, the writer remarks that have been observed in the dinosaur's bones a particular structure named haversian canals, which are typical of endotherm species. Nevertheless, the lecturer deftly points out the weakness of this argument, noting that beside the haversian canals, the dinosaur's bones have growth rings too, and they show an irregular rate of growing. As a result, it can be proved that those animals grew more swiftly in the warm moments than in the gelid ones, which is totally inconsistent with the characteristic expected in endotherm animals; remarking the unconvincing of this argument.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020-01-21 | liboooyang | 81 | view |
| 2020-01-04 | Tharwat | 83 | view |
| 2019-12-19 | savikx | 66 | view |
| 2019-12-18 | TEJAS PATIL | 80 | view |
| 2019-12-14 | fafar | 80 | view |
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 9, column 106, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: There
... position of the legs and its movement. there are physical activities, like running, ...
^^^^^
Line 9, column 396, Rule ID: ALLOW_TO[1]
Message: Did you mean 'supporting'? Or maybe you should add a pronoun? In active voice, 'allow' + 'to' takes an object, usually a pronoun.
Suggestion: supporting
... is that the legs under the body allows to support more weight, and therefore, they could ...
^^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
finally, first, firstly, however, if, moreover, nevertheless, nonetheless, second, secondly, so, therefore, as a result
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 14.0 10.4613686534 134% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 4.0 5.04856512141 79% => OK
Conjunction : 8.0 7.30242825607 110% => OK
Relative clauses : 16.0 12.0772626932 132% => OK
Pronoun: 28.0 22.412803532 125% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 27.0 30.3222958057 89% => OK
Nominalization: 9.0 5.01324503311 180% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1563.0 1373.03311258 114% => OK
No of words: 284.0 270.72406181 105% => OK
Chars per words: 5.50352112676 5.08290768461 108% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.10515524023 4.04702891845 101% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.79586112259 2.5805825403 108% => OK
Unique words: 167.0 145.348785872 115% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.588028169014 0.540411800872 109% => OK
syllable_count: 480.6 419.366225166 115% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.7 1.55342163355 109% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 3.25607064018 92% => OK
Article: 9.0 8.23620309051 109% => OK
Subordination: 3.0 1.25165562914 240% => Less adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 5.0 1.51434878587 330% => Less conjunction wanted as sentence beginning.
Preposition: 1.0 2.5761589404 39% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 11.0 13.0662251656 84% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 25.0 21.2450331126 118% => OK
Sentence length SD: 44.1404595047 49.2860985944 90% => OK
Chars per sentence: 142.090909091 110.228320801 129% => OK
Words per sentence: 25.8181818182 21.698381199 119% => OK
Discourse Markers: 10.8181818182 7.06452816374 153% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 2.0 4.19205298013 48% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 4.0 4.33554083885 92% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 4.45695364238 90% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 3.0 4.27373068433 70% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.133937393874 0.272083759551 49% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0476990253342 0.0996497079465 48% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0269038849607 0.0662205650399 41% => Sentences are similar to each other.
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0722140425385 0.162205337803 45% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0269930836324 0.0443174109184 61% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 17.4 13.3589403974 130% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 37.64 53.8541721854 70% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 14.2 11.0289183223 129% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 14.92 12.2367328918 122% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 10.21 8.42419426049 121% => OK
difficult_words: 96.0 63.6247240618 151% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 11.5 10.7273730684 107% => OK
gunning_fog: 12.0 10.498013245 114% => OK
text_standard: 12.0 11.2008830022 107% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 80.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.0 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.