Endotherms are animals such as modern birds and mammals that keep their body temperatures constant. For instance, humans are endotherms and maintain an internal temperature of 37°C, no matter whether the environment is warm or cold. Because dinosaurs were reptiles, and modern reptiles are not endotherms, it was long assumed that dinosaurs were not endotherms. However, dinosaurs differ in many ways from modem reptiles, and there is now considerable evidence that dinosaurs were, in fact, endotherms.
Polar dinosaurs
One reason for believing that dinosaurs were endotherms is that dinosaur fossils have been discovered in Polar Regions. Only animals that can maintain a temperature well above that of the surrounding environment could be active in such cold climates.
Leg position and movement
There is a connection between endothermy and the position and movement of the legs. The physiology of endothermy allows sustained physical activity, such as running. But running is efficient only if an animal's legs are positioned underneath its body, not at the body's side, as they are for crocodiles and many lizards. The legs of all modern endotherms are underneath the body, and so were the legs of dinosaurs. This strongly suggests that dinosaurs were endotherms.
Haversian canals
There is also a connection between endothermy and bone structure. The bones of endotherms usually include structures called Haversian canals. These canals house nerves and blood vessels that allow the living animal to grow quickly, and rapid body growth is in fact a characteristic of endothermy. The presence of Haversian canals in bone is a strong indicator that the animal is an endotherm, and fossilized bones of dinosaurs are usually dense with Haversian canals.
The passage states the concept of endothermy by means of support in the form of polar dinosaurs, leg position and movement and harversian canals. On the other hand, the lecturer refutes the theory that dinosaurs are endotherms by valid details and explanations.
Firstly, based on the internal temperature being maintained as constant similar to humans, fossil records of dinosaurs found in the polar regions prove that they are endotherms, since only such type of animals could be active in the cold climate. This hypothesis is contradicted by the statement of the professor that, even though fossils are found, polar regions were warmer then than today and that the dinosaur could have migrated or hibernated during cold climates.
Secondly, the passage provides details about the characteristic of endotherms to have legs underneath their body for sustained physical activity like running. But the lecture signifies the role of such legs to support the body weight and the growth of the animal to a great size.
Thirdly, dinosaurs were said to possess Haversian canals – housing nerves and blood vessels for the rapid growth of the body, whereas such structures together with the growth ring results in the cycle of rapid and slow growth of the dinosaur as presented in the lecture. such a cycle characterizes an animal which is not an endotherm.
To conclude, we can summarize the fact that the concept of dinosaurs being endotherm is disproved in the lecture giving additional points which gives an obscure thought about the reality of the characteristics of the dinosaur.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
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| 2020-01-21 | liboooyang | 81 | view |
| 2020-01-04 | Tharwat | 83 | view |
| 2019-12-19 | savikx | 66 | view |
| 2019-12-18 | TEJAS PATIL | 80 | view |
| 2019-12-14 | fafar | 80 | view |
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 5, column 377, Rule ID: COMP_THAN[3]
Message: Comparison requires 'than', not 'then' nor 'as'.
Suggestion: than
...ls are found, polar regions were warmer then than today and that the dinosaur could ...
^^^^
Line 13, column 272, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Such
...e dinosaur as presented in the lecture. such a cycle characterizes an animal which i...
^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, first, firstly, if, second, secondly, so, then, third, thirdly, whereas, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 11.0 10.4613686534 105% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 3.0 5.04856512141 59% => OK
Conjunction : 9.0 7.30242825607 123% => OK
Relative clauses : 7.0 12.0772626932 58% => More relative clauses wanted.
Pronoun: 9.0 22.412803532 40% => OK
Preposition: 39.0 30.3222958057 129% => OK
Nominalization: 3.0 5.01324503311 60% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1344.0 1373.03311258 98% => OK
No of words: 256.0 270.72406181 95% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.25 5.08290768461 103% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.0 4.04702891845 99% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.73843448662 2.5805825403 106% => OK
Unique words: 150.0 145.348785872 103% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.5859375 0.540411800872 108% => OK
syllable_count: 408.6 419.366225166 97% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 2.0 3.25607064018 61% => OK
Article: 3.0 8.23620309051 36% => OK
Subordination: 2.0 1.25165562914 160% => OK
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 9.0 13.0662251656 69% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 28.0 21.2450331126 132% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively long.
Sentence length SD: 66.3416149679 49.2860985944 135% => OK
Chars per sentence: 149.333333333 110.228320801 135% => OK
Words per sentence: 28.4444444444 21.698381199 131% => OK
Discourse Markers: 10.5555555556 7.06452816374 149% => OK
Paragraphs: 5.0 4.09492273731 122% => OK
Language errors: 2.0 4.19205298013 48% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 7.0 4.33554083885 161% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 1.0 4.45695364238 22% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 1.0 4.27373068433 23% => More facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.23688484733 0.272083759551 87% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.096639703523 0.0996497079465 97% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0625111574209 0.0662205650399 94% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.112857315459 0.162205337803 70% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.032511035068 0.0443174109184 73% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 17.5 13.3589403974 131% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 43.06 53.8541721854 80% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 14.2 11.0289183223 129% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 13.47 12.2367328918 110% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 10.08 8.42419426049 120% => OK
difficult_words: 82.0 63.6247240618 129% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 14.0 10.7273730684 131% => OK
gunning_fog: 13.2 10.498013245 126% => OK
text_standard: 14.0 11.2008830022 125% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 81.6666666667 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.5 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.