ProfessorIt's perfectly possible that the nests found inside the fossilized trees were made by bees 200 million years ago. The arguments used by the skeptics are not convincing.First, it's true we have no fossil remains of actual bees that date to 200 million years ago, but maybe the reason for that is that bees could not be preserved as fossils at that time. Fossil bees have typically been preserved in fossilized tree resin, a sticky liquid produced by trees. However, trees with this type of resin were very rare 200 million years ago. Such trees became common much later. So the fact that we have no bee remains that are 200 million years old doesn't mean that bees did not exist at that time. Maybe bees existed, but since there were almost no trees producing the right kind of resin, the bees could not be preserved.Second, while it's true that bees have a close mutual relationship with flowering plants today, it's quite possible that bees existed before flowering plants appeared on Earth. Those very early bees might have been feeding on non-flowering plants that preceded flowering plants during evolutionary history. The early bees could have fed on non- flowering plants such as ferns or pine trees. Later when flowering plants evolved, bees may have adapted to feeding on them! And this new relationship between bees and flowering plants may have remained stable ever since.Third, even though the fossilized chambers lack spiral caps, there's chemical evidence that supports the theory that bees built the chambers. Modern bees protect their nest chambers against water by using a special waterproofing substance that has a distinctive chemical composition. When the fossilized chambers were chemically analyzed, it turned out that they contain the same kind of waterproofing material that's used by modern bees.
the article states that old fossil of Did bees nest have been found in Arizona, on the contrary, there are many argue about this theory which the nest did not created by bees and provides three reasons for support. However, the professor explains that these reasons presented in the article are not convenceing and refutes each of the author's reasons.
first, the reading claims that there have been no fossil of actual Did bees even today, so the nest is not for bees. the professor opposes this point by saying that fossilized structure of the bee needs tree's resin, some liquid substance which produced by tree. according to the professor, maybe there never had been of that resin for establish bee's fossil. finally, bees were existed and resin did not.
second, the article posits that flowering plant did not exist in that time. in contrast, the professor says that long time ago maybe bees feed on nonflowering plant such as pintrees. also, after evelutionary history which have appeared flowering palnts, bees have adapted with these kind of plant as food.
third, the reading says that nest's structure have been found lack some detail such as caps. the professor casts doubt on this point by explaining that chemical experiment supports evidence. she states that, according to the analysis the nest had waterprof chemical composition which approved this theory that the champer had such caps but in different way.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2019-10-08 | farshad_hom | 70 | view |
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 1, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: The
the article states that old fossil of Did b...
^^^
Line 1, column 160, Rule ID: DID_BASEFORM[1]
Message: The verb 'did' requires the base form of the verb: 'create'
Suggestion: create
...bout this theory which the nest did not created by bees and provides three reasons for ...
^^^^^^^
Line 7, column 1, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: First
...es each of the authors reasons. first, the reading claims that there have bee...
^^^^^
Line 7, column 118, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: The
...ven today, so the nest is not for bees. the professor opposes this point by saying ...
^^^
Line 7, column 263, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: According
...iquid substance which produced by tree. according to the professor, maybe there never had...
^^^^^^^^^
Line 7, column 359, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Finally
...f that resin for establish bees fossil. finally, bees were existed and resin did not. ...
^^^^^^^
Line 13, column 1, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Second
...were existed and resin did not. second, the article posits that flowering plan...
^^^^^^
Line 13, column 77, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: In
...ering plant did not exist in that time. in contrast, the professor says that long ...
^^
Line 13, column 184, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Also
...on nonflowering plant such as pintrees. also, after evelutionary history which have ...
^^^^
Line 13, column 278, Rule ID: THIS_NNS[2]
Message: Did you mean 'this kind' or 'these kinds'?
Suggestion: this kind; these kinds
...lowering palnts, bees have adapted with these kind of plant as food. third, the re...
^^^^^^^^^^
Line 19, column 1, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Third
...th these kind of plant as food. third, the reading says that nests structure ...
^^^^^
Line 19, column 93, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: The
...en found lack some detail such as caps. the professor casts doubt on this point by ...
^^^
Line 19, column 191, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: She
... chemical experiment supports evidence. she states that, according to the analysis ...
^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, finally, first, however, if, may, second, so, third, in contrast, kind of, such as, on the contrary
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 8.0 10.4613686534 76% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 0.0 5.04856512141 0% => OK
Conjunction : 4.0 7.30242825607 55% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 16.0 12.0772626932 132% => OK
Pronoun: 19.0 22.412803532 85% => OK
Preposition: 23.0 30.3222958057 76% => OK
Nominalization: 4.0 5.01324503311 80% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1212.0 1373.03311258 88% => OK
No of words: 237.0 270.72406181 88% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.11392405063 5.08290768461 101% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.92362132708 4.04702891845 97% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.29562234772 2.5805825403 89% => OK
Unique words: 130.0 145.348785872 89% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.548523206751 0.540411800872 102% => OK
syllable_count: 351.0 419.366225166 84% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 1.0 3.25607064018 31% => OK
Article: 8.0 8.23620309051 97% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 5.0 2.5761589404 194% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 12.0 13.0662251656 92% => OK
Sentence length: 19.0 21.2450331126 89% => OK
Sentence length SD: 42.3814523111 49.2860985944 86% => OK
Chars per sentence: 101.0 110.228320801 92% => OK
Words per sentence: 19.75 21.698381199 91% => OK
Discourse Markers: 9.16666666667 7.06452816374 130% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 13.0 4.19205298013 310% => Less language errors wanted.
Sentences with positive sentiment : 1.0 4.33554083885 23% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 4.45695364238 67% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 8.0 4.27373068433 187% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.213800540755 0.272083759551 79% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0838630119272 0.0996497079465 84% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0701468453255 0.0662205650399 106% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.130351197747 0.162205337803 80% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0752134057399 0.0443174109184 170% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.5 13.3589403974 94% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 60.65 53.8541721854 113% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.5 11.0289183223 86% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.36 12.2367328918 101% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.31 8.42419426049 99% => OK
difficult_words: 56.0 63.6247240618 88% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 13.0 10.7273730684 121% => OK
gunning_fog: 9.6 10.498013245 91% => OK
text_standard: 13.0 11.2008830022 116% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 70.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 21.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.