The articles and the lecture discusses about some theories about possibility that Sinosauropteryx had features. The reading passage presents some reasons opposing the idea of having features. However, the professor refutes the reasons and points out some discoveries that strongly agrees with the idea about presence of features.
First, according to some critics, the fine lines which are found in fossils of Sinosauropteryx, are decomposed skins which turned into fibers and preserved as lines. But the professor points out that, many other animals are buried under the volcanic ash and their fossils are well preserved without much alteration, and their functional structure can be fully represented from the fossils. So, decomposition is unlikely to happen only for specific types of dinosaur and thus she refutes the idea about turning skin fibers into lines.
Second, the article argues that lines around the skeleton are much likely to be fossilized version of frill rather than features. However, professor opposes the point saying that, there is a observable chemical difference between frills and features. Features contain some specific type of protein, which can not be found in frills. According to some researchers, that protein had been found in dinosaurs' body. So, it confirms the idea of presence of features.
Finally, the reading raises question about the functionality of features. As features are located along the tail and backbone, it can not help dinosaur to fly or regulate body temperature. The professor argues that, features might have other functionality like display. She illustrates her point with an example of another animal : peacock, which have features only for display purpose. According to recent research, features on dinosaur are also colorful which can be displayed to attract mates.
- TPO 31 A fossil skeleton of a dinosaur called Sinosauropteryx, preserved in volcanic ash, was discovered in Liaoning, China, in 1996. Interestingly, the fossil included a pattern of fine lines surrounding the skeletal bones. Some paleontologists interpret 80
- TOEFL T P O 34 - Integrated Writing Task 3
- TOEFL T P O 31 - Integrated Writing Task 3
- A huge marine mammal known as Steller’s sea cow once lived in the waters around Bering Island off the coast of Siberia. It was described in 1741 by Georg W. Steller, a naturalist who was among the first Europeans to see one. In 1768 the animal became ex 76
- TOEFL T P O 31 - Integrated Writing Task 3
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 5, column 190, Rule ID: EN_A_VS_AN
Message: Use 'an' instead of 'a' if the following word starts with a vowel sound, e.g. 'an article', 'an hour'
Suggestion: an
...opposes the point saying that, there is a observable chemical difference between ...
^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, finally, first, however, if, second, so, thus, well
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 14.0 10.4613686534 134% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 5.0 5.04856512141 99% => OK
Conjunction : 10.0 7.30242825607 137% => OK
Relative clauses : 12.0 12.0772626932 99% => OK
Pronoun: 14.0 22.412803532 62% => OK
Preposition: 39.0 30.3222958057 129% => OK
Nominalization: 6.0 5.01324503311 120% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1551.0 1373.03311258 113% => OK
No of words: 282.0 270.72406181 104% => OK
Chars per words: 5.5 5.08290768461 108% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.09790868904 4.04702891845 101% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.74580814117 2.5805825403 106% => OK
Unique words: 157.0 145.348785872 108% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.556737588652 0.540411800872 103% => OK
syllable_count: 486.9 419.366225166 116% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.7 1.55342163355 109% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 4.0 3.25607064018 123% => OK
Article: 7.0 8.23620309051 85% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 2.0 1.51434878587 132% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 16.0 13.0662251656 122% => OK
Sentence length: 17.0 21.2450331126 80% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 40.9845626425 49.2860985944 83% => OK
Chars per sentence: 96.9375 110.228320801 88% => OK
Words per sentence: 17.625 21.698381199 81% => OK
Discourse Markers: 3.875 7.06452816374 55% => More transition words/phrases wanted.
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 4.19205298013 24% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 3.0 4.33554083885 69% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 4.45695364238 90% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 9.0 4.27373068433 211% => Less facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.270011447095 0.272083759551 99% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0844119901256 0.0996497079465 85% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.063827231585 0.0662205650399 96% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.16304716481 0.162205337803 101% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0788390494183 0.0443174109184 178% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.3 13.3589403974 100% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 45.76 53.8541721854 85% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 11.1 11.0289183223 101% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 14.32 12.2367328918 117% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.96 8.42419426049 106% => OK
difficult_words: 80.0 63.6247240618 126% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 11.0 10.7273730684 103% => OK
gunning_fog: 8.8 10.498013245 84% => OK
text_standard: 11.0 11.2008830022 98% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 80.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.