Endotherms are animals such as modern birds and mammals that keep their body temperatures constant. For instance, humans are endotherms and maintain an internal temperature of 37°C, no matter whether the environment is warm or cold. Because dinosaurs were reptiles, and modern reptiles are not endotherms, it was long assumed that dinosaurs were not endotherms. However, dinosaurs differ in many ways from modem reptiles, and there is now considerable evidence that dinosaurs were, in fact, endotherms.
Polar dinosaurs
One reason for believing that dinosaurs were endotherms is that dinosaur fossils have been discovered in Polar Regions. Only animals that can maintain a temperature well above that of the surrounding environment could be active in such cold climates.
Leg position and movement
There is a connection between endothermy and the position and movement of the legs. The physiology of endothermy allows sustained physical activity, such as running. But running is efficient only if an animal's legs are positioned underneath its body, not at the body's side, as they are for crocodiles and many lizards. The legs of all modern endotherms are underneath the body, and so were the legs of dinosaurs. This strongly suggests that dinosaurs were endotherms.
Haversian canals
There is also a connection between endothermy and bone structure. The bones of endotherms usually include structures called Haversian canals. These canals house nerves and blood vessels that allow the living animal to grow quickly, and rapid body growth is in fact a characteristic of endothermy. The presence of Haversian canals in bone is a strong indicator that the animal is an endotherm, and fossilized bones of dinosaurs are usually dense with Haversian canals.
The article states that the dinosaurs are endotherms and provides three reasons of support. However, the professor explains that scientists have problem with this argument and opposes each of the author's reasons.
First, the reading claims that dinosaurs live in Polar Regions and only endotherms which were able to maintain their body temperature well and constant could live in this places. The professor refutes this point by saying that these places were warmer in that days and also animals that were not endotherms could live there. He states that also the animals could migrate to warmer places like reptiles and it cannot prove the idea that dinosaurs were endotherms.
Second, the article posits that all the endotherms have legs underneath their body to help them be more active and dinosaurs also had their legs under them. However, the professor says that it is not necessary means that they were endotherms. According to professor this idea cannot be proved because having legs under the body was maybe because of their huge body and their heavy weight which needed a leg under them to help them move their body.
Third, the reading avers that the bones of dinosaurs had a structure like endotherms and it includes Haversian canals. The professor opposes this point by explaining that it is true that dinosaurs had Haversian canals but these canals are for endotherms to help them grow quickly but dinosaurs also had growth ring which help them to grow slowly or even stop growth. We also learn that that the endotherms cannot grow in cool environment but dinosaurs could grow fast in such a cold whether.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020-01-21 | liboooyang | 81 | view |
| 2020-01-04 | Tharwat | 83 | view |
| 2019-12-19 | savikx | 66 | view |
| 2019-12-18 | TEJAS PATIL | 80 | view |
| 2019-12-14 | fafar | 80 | view |
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 2, column 83, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...ive in Polar Regions and only endotherms which were able to maintain their body t...
^^
Line 2, column 168, Rule ID: THIS_NNS[1]
Message: Did you mean 'these'?
Suggestion: these
...erature well and constant could live in this places. The professor refutes this poin...
^^^^
Line 3, column 375, Rule ID: HEAVY_WEIGHT[1]
Message: Did you mean 'heavyweight'?
Suggestion: heavyweight
...be because of their huge body and their heavy weight which needed a leg under them to help t...
^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 4, column 101, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...tructure like endotherms and it includes Haversian canals. The professor opposes ...
^^
Line 4, column 201, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...ining that it is true that dinosaurs had Haversian canals but these canals are fo...
^^
Line 4, column 383, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a word
Suggestion: that
...owly or even stop growth. We also learn that that the endotherms cannot grow in cool envi...
^^^^^^^^^
Discourse Markers used:
['also', 'but', 'first', 'however', 'may', 'second', 'so', 'third', 'well', 'it is true']
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance in Part of Speech:
Nouns: 0.231034482759 0.261695866417 88% => OK
Verbs: 0.203448275862 0.158904122519 128% => OK
Adjectives: 0.0379310344828 0.0723426182421 52% => OK
Adverbs: 0.0724137931034 0.0435111971325 166% => OK
Pronouns: 0.0655172413793 0.0277247811725 236% => OK
Prepositions: 0.120689655172 0.128828473217 94% => OK
Participles: 0.0275862068966 0.0370669169778 74% => OK
Conjunctions: 2.30963887236 2.5805825403 90% => OK
Infinitives: 0.0241379310345 0.0208969081088 116% => OK
Particles: 0.0 0.00154638098197 0% => OK
Determiners: 0.0965517241379 0.128158765124 75% => OK
Modal_auxiliary: 0.0241379310345 0.0158828679856 152% => OK
WH_determiners: 0.0172413793103 0.0114777025283 150% => OK
Vocabulary words and sentences:
No of characters: 1621.0 1645.83664459 98% => OK
No of words: 271.0 271.125827815 100% => OK
Chars per words: 5.9815498155 6.08160592843 98% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.05734859645 4.04852973271 100% => OK
words length more than 5 chars: 0.328413284133 0.374372842146 88% => OK
words length more than 6 chars: 0.239852398524 0.287516216867 83% => OK
words length more than 7 chars: 0.162361623616 0.187439937562 87% => OK
words length more than 8 chars: 0.118081180812 0.113142543107 104% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.30963887236 2.5805825403 90% => OK
Unique words: 128.0 145.348785872 88% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.472324723247 0.539623497131 88% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
Word variations: 44.5824525714 53.8517498576 83% => OK
How many sentences: 11.0 13.0529801325 84% => OK
Sentence length: 24.6363636364 21.7502111507 113% => OK
Sentence length SD: 46.3912573696 49.3711431718 94% => OK
Chars per sentence: 147.363636364 132.220823453 111% => OK
Words per sentence: 24.6363636364 21.7502111507 113% => OK
Discourse Markers: 0.909090909091 0.878197800319 104% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 6.0 3.39072847682 177% => OK
Readability: 48.6216034888 50.5018328374 96% => OK
Elegance: 1.11111111111 1.90840788429 58% => OK
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.334655228478 0.549887131256 61% => OK
Sentence sentence coherence: 0.175947491395 0.142949733639 123% => OK
Sentence sentence coherence SD: 0.118914068146 0.0787303798458 151% => OK
Sentence paragraph coherence: 0.691213269607 0.631733273073 109% => OK
Sentence paragraph coherence SD: 0.138371630527 0.139662658121 99% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.169086269946 0.266732575781 63% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0435341759932 0.103435571967 42% => OK
Paragraph paragraph coherence: 0.309846244328 0.414875509568 75% => OK
Paragraph paragraph coherence SD: 0.0135382583225 0.0530846634433 26% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.226660495555 0.40443939384 56% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.00857001291114 0.0528353158467 16% => The ideas may be duplicated in paragraphs.
Task Achievement:
Sentences with positive sentiment : 8.0 4.33554083885 185% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 2.0 4.45695364238 45% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 1.0 4.26048565121 23% => More neutral sentences wanted.
Positive topic words: 8.0 3.49668874172 229% => OK
Negative topic words: 2.0 3.62251655629 55% => OK
Neutral topic words: 1.0 3.1766004415 31% => OK
Total topic words: 11.0 10.2958057395 107% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
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Rates: 76.6666666667 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 23.0 Out of 30
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Note: This is not the final score. The e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.