Large numbers of dinosaur fossils have been discovered in deposits on Alaska's North Slope, a region that today experiences an extremely cold,arctic climate. One hundred million years ago, when those dinosaurs were alive, the environment of the North Slope was already inhospitable,especially during the winter when it experienced several months of total darkness. How did the dinosaurs survive the wintertime? Paleontologists have proposed that one of the most common North Slope dinosaurs, the elephant-sized edmontosaur (Edmontosaurus), survived the winter by migrating south to more hospitable regions. Several arguments support the migration hypothesis.
First, the edmontosaur's diet supports the migration hypothesis.Edmontosaurs fed exclusively on plants. Since there would have been no plants growing during the cold and dark North Slope winter, it appears that the edmontosaur must have left for at least part of the year and migrated to more temperate zones to find food.
Second, many edmontosaur skeletons have been unearthed from the same site. This suggests that edmontosaurs lived in herd. Many modern-day migratory animals, such as caribou and buffalo, live and migrate in herds as well. Moving in herds helps animals coordinate their migration.The finding that edmonotsaurs lived in herds further supports the migration hypothesis.
Finally, edmonosaurs were physically capable of migrating long distances. To reach more hospitable regions, the edmontosaur had to migrate about 1,600 kilometers southward. To make such a journey, the edmontosaur needed to move at about five kilometers per hour for several weeks, which is certainly could do. These animals could run very fast, reaching speeds up to 45 kilometers per hour. It could have easily used its locomotive power to move to warmer climate during the harsh arctic winters.
The reading passage puts forward three reasons to support the claim that Edmontosaurus migrate south to more favaorable areas during the winter. However, the professor does not concur with them and holds the view that Edmontosaurus do not have to migrate during the harsh winter. And he uses three points to illustrate his view.
Initially, according to the reading passage, Edmontosaurus are not able to survive because there exsist no plants during the winter. Therefore, Edmontosaurus have no choice but to migrate for their food. Differing from the passage, the professor contends that this point does not make sense. He points out that the temperature is much warmer in 100 million years ago than today. Besides, their habitat is full of sunshine for 24 hours during the summer, thus a considerable amount of plants are thriving. So, these plants leave huge quantity of nutient when they died in winter.
Moreover, the author of the reading passage avers that evidence of skeletons that unearthed from the identical site prove that Edmontosaurus lives in herd. Like many modern gregarious animals, they must migrate during the winter as well. Nevertheless, the professor refutes this idea.He contends living in herd does not mean they also migrate. The professor cites other reason to support his view. Living in herd helps animals work in groups and defend their predators. What's more, a kind of gregarious animal that eat plants do not migrate at all.
Finally, the professor catst doubt on the view that physically conditions make Edmontosaurus being able to migrate, as the reading passage asserts. He argures, there are many junior in the herd. If they migrate, young Edmontosaurus cannot move fast. Then the herd cannot reach their destination on time. Plus, young Edmontosaurus cannot be left for they are not able to survive on their own. In this condition, Edmontosaurus just stay where they were.
- Starting in the 1960s and continuing until the 1980s, sailors in Russian submarines patrolling the North Alantic and Arctic Ocean would occasionally hear strange sounds. These underwater noises reminded the submarine crews of frog croaks, so they called t 86
- The little ice age was a period of unusually cold temperature in many parts of the world that lasted from about the year 1350 until 1900CE. There were unusually harsh winters, and glaciers grew larger in many areas. Scientist have long wondered what cause 70
- A or DA: Governments should focus its budgets more on environmental protection than on economic development. 86
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 3, column 553, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...se plants leave huge quantity of nutient when they died in winter. Moreover, ...
^^
Line 5, column 285, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: He
...heless, the professor refutes this idea.He contends living in herd does not mean t...
^^
Line 5, column 471, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: What's
...k in groups and defend their predators. Whats more, a kind of gregarious animal that ...
^^^^^
Line 7, column 176, Rule ID: THERE_RE_MANY[3]
Message: Possible agreement error. Did you mean 'juniors'?
Suggestion: juniors
...age asserts. He argures, there are many junior in the herd. If they migrate, young Edm...
^^^^^^
Discourse Markers used:
['also', 'besides', 'but', 'finally', 'however', 'if', 'moreover', 'nevertheless', 'so', 'then', 'therefore', 'thus', 'well', 'kind of']
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance in Part of Speech:
Nouns: 0.243626062323 0.261695866417 93% => OK
Verbs: 0.164305949008 0.158904122519 103% => OK
Adjectives: 0.0594900849858 0.0723426182421 82% => OK
Adverbs: 0.0764872521246 0.0435111971325 176% => OK
Pronouns: 0.0481586402266 0.0277247811725 174% => OK
Prepositions: 0.113314447592 0.128828473217 88% => OK
Participles: 0.0198300283286 0.0370669169778 53% => OK
Conjunctions: 2.63360344046 2.5805825403 102% => OK
Infinitives: 0.028328611898 0.0208969081088 136% => OK
Particles: 0.0028328611898 0.00154638098197 183% => OK
Determiners: 0.0906515580737 0.128158765124 71% => OK
Modal_auxiliary: 0.0113314447592 0.0158828679856 71% => OK
WH_determiners: 0.0169971671388 0.0114777025283 148% => OK
Vocabulary words and sentences:
No of characters: 1919.0 1645.83664459 117% => OK
No of words: 311.0 271.125827815 115% => OK
Chars per words: 6.17041800643 6.08160592843 101% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.19942759058 4.04852973271 104% => OK
words length more than 5 chars: 0.360128617363 0.374372842146 96% => OK
words length more than 6 chars: 0.260450160772 0.287516216867 91% => OK
words length more than 7 chars: 0.163987138264 0.187439937562 87% => OK
words length more than 8 chars: 0.112540192926 0.113142543107 99% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.63360344046 2.5805825403 102% => OK
Unique words: 169.0 145.348785872 116% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.543408360129 0.539623497131 101% => OK
Word variations: 56.8395341716 53.8517498576 106% => OK
How many sentences: 21.0 13.0529801325 161% => OK
Sentence length: 14.8095238095 21.7502111507 68% => OK
Sentence length SD: 34.8540852159 49.3711431718 71% => OK
Chars per sentence: 91.380952381 132.220823453 69% => OK
Words per sentence: 14.8095238095 21.7502111507 68% => OK
Discourse Markers: 0.666666666667 0.878197800319 76% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 4.0 3.39072847682 118% => OK
Readability: 40.8545398867 50.5018328374 81% => OK
Elegance: 1.30392156863 1.90840788429 68% => OK
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.209285872212 0.549887131256 38% => OK
Sentence sentence coherence: 0.0870880330183 0.142949733639 61% => OK
Sentence sentence coherence SD: 0.070124866558 0.0787303798458 89% => OK
Sentence paragraph coherence: 0.446371516321 0.631733273073 71% => OK
Sentence paragraph coherence SD: 0.137527922981 0.139662658121 98% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0779314900046 0.266732575781 29% => Sentence topic similarity is low.
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0529838535079 0.103435571967 51% => OK
Paragraph paragraph coherence: 0.394329018143 0.414875509568 95% => OK
Paragraph paragraph coherence SD: 0.0196820943323 0.0530846634433 37% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.153541942885 0.40443939384 38% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0337224034587 0.0528353158467 64% => The ideas may be duplicated in paragraphs.
Task Achievement:
Sentences with positive sentiment : 6.0 4.33554083885 138% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 6.0 4.45695364238 135% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 9.0 4.26048565121 211% => Less neutral sentences wanted.
Positive topic words: 6.0 3.49668874172 172% => OK
Negative topic words: 5.0 3.62251655629 138% => OK
Neutral topic words: 5.0 3.1766004415 157% => OK
Total topic words: 16.0 10.2958057395 155% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
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Rates: 86.6666666667 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 26.0 Out of 30
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Note: This is not the final score. The e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.