The following appeared as part of a letter to the editor of a scientific journal.
"A recent study of eighteen rhesus monkeys provides clues as to the effects of birth order on an individual's levels of stimulation. The study showed that in stimulating situations (such as an encounter with an unfamiliar monkey), firstborn infant monkeys produce up to twice as much of the hormone cortisol, which primes the body for increased activity levels, as do their younger siblings. Firstborn humans also produce relatively high levels of cortisol in stimulating situations (such as the return of a parent after an absence). The study also found that during pregnancy, first-time mother monkeys had higher levels of cortisol than did those who had had several offspring."
Write a response in which you discuss one or more alternative explanations that could rival the proposed explanation and explain how your explanation(s) can plausibly account for the facts presented in the argument.
The letter to the editor of a scientific journal is summarized below. The recent study on the eighteen rhesus monkey provides clues as to the effect of birth order on an individual's levels of stimulation. And the study showed that firstborn infant monkeys produce much more hormone cortisol than the younger siblings. Similarly the firstborn humans also produce relatively high levels of cortisols in stimulating situations. It also states that during pregnancy first-time mother monkeys had higher levels of cortisol than did those who had several offspring. The author here has not considered other explanations which are possible from the study. It is explained below
The study showed that in stimulating situations, the firstborn infant monkeys produced up to twice as much of the hormone cortisol when compared with the younger siblings. The stimulating situation mentioned here is based on the scenario where the monkey encounters with an unfamiliar monkey. Here the reason behind producing hormone cortisol may be due to the fear factor due to the encounter of the unfamiliar monkey. And the reason behind producing twice as much as the younger sibling may be because the firstborn infant may be mature enough to understand the criticality of the situation when compared to the younger siblings. If the younger siblings are mature enough to understand the situation there are chances that they will also be producing an equal amount of hormone cortisol.
Also, the author has compared the above with the firstborn humans. The author states that the firstborn infant produces high levels of cortisol in stimulating situations. Here the simulations situation is based on the scenario where the firstborn human meets their parent after an absence. This is in total contrast to the scenario with the monkeys because in the case of monkeys the production of hormone cortisol is due to the fear factor whereas in the case of humans it is due to the happy feeling of meeting someone very close after an absence. The author, when stated about the production of cortisol by humans, had given a vague statement by not mentioning with whom the human is being compared. It could have been with the humans or the monkeys which is not mentioned clearly.
With various alternative explanations possible from the given statement, it is difficult to come to a conclusion.
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| 2020-01-23 | lanhhoang | 29 | view |
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 319, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: Similarly,
...one cortisol than the younger siblings. Similarly the firstborn humans also produce relat...
^^^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 633, Rule ID: SENTENCE_FRAGMENT[1]
Message: “If” at the beginning of a sentence requires a 2nd clause. Maybe a comma, question or exclamation mark is missing, or the sentence is incomplete and should be joined with the following sentence.
... when compared to the younger siblings. If the younger siblings are mature enough ...
^^
Line 5, column 181, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[1]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'simulations'' or 'simulation's'?
Suggestion: simulations'; simulation's
...sol in stimulating situations. Here the simulations situation is based on the scenario wher...
^^^^^^^^^^^
Discourse Markers used:
['also', 'first', 'if', 'may', 'similarly', 'so', 'whereas', 'as to']
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance in Part of Speech:
Nouns: 0.254901960784 0.25644967241 99% => OK
Verbs: 0.139705882353 0.15541462614 90% => OK
Adjectives: 0.112745098039 0.0836205057962 135% => OK
Adverbs: 0.0563725490196 0.0520304965353 108% => OK
Pronouns: 0.0171568627451 0.0272364105082 63% => OK
Prepositions: 0.137254901961 0.125424944231 109% => OK
Participles: 0.0514705882353 0.0416121511921 124% => OK
Conjunctions: 2.70137362533 2.79052419416 97% => OK
Infinitives: 0.031862745098 0.026700313972 119% => OK
Particles: 0.00245098039216 0.001811407834 135% => OK
Determiners: 0.147058823529 0.113004496875 130% => OK
Modal_auxiliary: 0.0122549019608 0.0255425247493 48% => OK
WH_determiners: 0.0220588235294 0.0127820249294 173% => OK
Vocabulary words and sentences:
No of characters: 2371.0 2731.13054187 87% => OK
No of words: 385.0 446.07635468 86% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 6.15844155844 6.12365571057 101% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.4296068528 4.57801047555 97% => OK
words length more than 5 chars: 0.412987012987 0.378187486979 109% => OK
words length more than 6 chars: 0.301298701299 0.287650121315 105% => OK
words length more than 7 chars: 0.212987012987 0.208842608468 102% => OK
words length more than 8 chars: 0.150649350649 0.135150697306 111% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.70137362533 2.79052419416 97% => OK
Unique words: 162.0 207.018472906 78% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.420779220779 0.469332199767 90% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
Word variations: 43.8510446986 52.1807786196 84% => OK
How many sentences: 18.0 20.039408867 90% => OK
Sentence length: 21.3888888889 23.2022227129 92% => OK
Sentence length SD: 48.8172770975 57.7814097925 84% => OK
Chars per sentence: 131.722222222 141.986410481 93% => OK
Words per sentence: 21.3888888889 23.2022227129 92% => OK
Discourse Markers: 0.444444444444 0.724660767414 61% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 5.14285714286 78% => OK
Language errors: 3.0 3.58251231527 84% => OK
Readability: 51.5187590188 51.9672348444 99% => OK
Elegance: 2.08045977011 1.8405768891 113% => OK
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.553619327834 0.441005458295 126% => OK
Sentence sentence coherence: 0.178440402598 0.135418324435 132% => OK
Sentence sentence coherence SD: 0.105782758333 0.0829849096947 127% => OK
Sentence paragraph coherence: 0.605157691346 0.58762219726 103% => OK
Sentence paragraph coherence SD: 0.184119316425 0.147661913831 125% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.269210330801 0.193483328276 139% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.138133038695 0.0970749176394 142% => OK
Paragraph paragraph coherence: 0.502306803839 0.42659136922 118% => OK
Paragraph paragraph coherence SD: 0.16859595618 0.0774707102158 218% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.38888043351 0.312017818177 125% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.168333304128 0.0698173142475 241% => OK
Task Achievement:
Sentences with positive sentiment : 7.0 8.33743842365 84% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 6.87684729064 58% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 7.0 4.82512315271 145% => OK
Positive topic words: 5.0 6.46551724138 77% => OK
Negative topic words: 4.0 5.36822660099 75% => OK
Neutral topic words: 4.0 2.82389162562 142% => OK
Total topic words: 13.0 14.657635468 89% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
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Rates: 50.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 3.0 Out of 6 -- The score is based on the average performance of 20,000 argument essays. This e-grader is not smart enough to check on arguments.
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Note: This is not the final score. The e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.