TPO-27 Integrated Writing
The little ice age was a period of unusually cold temperature in many parts of the world that lasted from about the year 1350 until 1900CE. There were southern harsh winters, and glaciers grew also in many areas. Scientist have long wondered what caused the Little Ice Age. Several possible causes have been proposed.
First, the cooling may have been caused by disrupting of ocean currents. Before the Little Ice Age, there was a period of unusually warm weather during which glaciers melted. These melted glaciers sent evidence amount of cold freshwater into the Gulf Stream, a large ocean current that strongly affects Earth's climate. Some scientists believe that this freshwater was enough to temporarily disrupt the Gulf Stream. Such a disruption could have caused the Little Ice Age.
Second, volcanic eruption could have caused the Little Ice Age. When volcanoes erupt, they send dark clouds of dust and sulfur gas into the atmosphere. These clouds, which can spread over great areas, block some sunlight from reaching Earth's surface. This can decrease the global temperatures. Scientists know of several volcanic eruption that took place during the Little Ice Age.
Third, substantial decreases in human populations may have contributed indirectly to the cooling of the climate. For a variety of reason(disease, warfare, social disruption), the human population just before the Little Ice Age and during the early part of it was lower than it had been in a long time. Forest trees started growing on fields that were no longer used for agriculture. Since trees absorb carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, they decrease the greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm. With more forest trees carbon dioxide, earth became cooler.
The reading and the listening are about Little Ice Age specifically what the reasons were behind this. The author of the passage suggests three possible assumptions for this harsh winters age. However, the professor in the lecture avers that the writer's explanations were outdated and refutes all of them.
First of all, the writer mentions that ocean current was one of the reasons for that natural climatic condition. He also states that since the temperature was increased prior to the Ice Age, glaciers melted and produced huge freshwater and that break down gulf current which leading the formation of the Little ice age. The professor rebuts this point by implying shreds of evidence of southern part where no such glacier melt or gulf currents disrupted. He also informs that that gulf stream was not responsible for that Age.
Secondly, the author states that since volcanic eruptions produce a huge amount of dust and gas which create a sunlight block, the volcanic eruption may be the possible reason for that freezing season. However, the lecturer says that even though volcanic eruptions might be the reason of that Age, but the other consequences of eruptions were not documented by anyone. He also posits that if that occurred, the colorful sky would remain for a long time, yet such no evidence had found. So, volcanic activities were not the main reasons for that age.
In the third assumption, the writer claims that population declining because of many reasons before starting the ice age might create a condition for growing forest trees. He further implies that growing large plants may absorb carbon dioxide and reduce greenhouse effect, and that helps to start that age. The professor, however, refutes this point by saying that to produce such age, must need more time. But human population regained their position and population was increased; as a result, they cut all forest trees to crop for feeding themselves. So, humans were not the reason for little ice age.
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Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, first, however, if, may, second, secondly, so, third, as a result, first of all
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 12.0 10.4613686534 115% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 7.0 5.04856512141 139% => OK
Conjunction : 12.0 7.30242825607 164% => OK
Relative clauses : 23.0 12.0772626932 190% => OK
Pronoun: 32.0 22.412803532 143% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 26.0 30.3222958057 86% => OK
Nominalization: 11.0 5.01324503311 219% => Less nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1669.0 1373.03311258 122% => OK
No of words: 330.0 270.72406181 122% => OK
Chars per words: 5.05757575758 5.08290768461 100% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.26214759535 4.04702891845 105% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.41513630656 2.5805825403 94% => OK
Unique words: 177.0 145.348785872 122% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.536363636364 0.540411800872 99% => OK
syllable_count: 507.6 419.366225166 121% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 5.0 3.25607064018 154% => OK
Article: 11.0 8.23620309051 134% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 4.0 1.51434878587 264% => Less conjunction wanted as sentence beginning.
Preposition: 1.0 2.5761589404 39% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 16.0 13.0662251656 122% => OK
Sentence length: 20.0 21.2450331126 94% => OK
Sentence length SD: 44.6853146319 49.2860985944 91% => OK
Chars per sentence: 104.3125 110.228320801 95% => OK
Words per sentence: 20.625 21.698381199 95% => OK
Discourse Markers: 5.625 7.06452816374 80% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 0.0 4.19205298013 0% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 5.0 4.33554083885 115% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 4.45695364238 90% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 7.0 4.27373068433 164% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.367580738357 0.272083759551 135% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.131810837305 0.0996497079465 132% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0764803192743 0.0662205650399 115% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.230634493556 0.162205337803 142% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0546514040066 0.0443174109184 123% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.7 13.3589403974 95% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 59.64 53.8541721854 111% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.9 11.0289183223 90% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.07 12.2367328918 99% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.31 8.42419426049 99% => OK
difficult_words: 77.0 63.6247240618 121% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 10.5 10.7273730684 98% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.0 10.498013245 95% => OK
text_standard: 10.0 11.2008830022 89% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Write the essay in 20 minutes.
Rates: 76.6666666667 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 23.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.