A fossil skeleton of a dinosaur called Sinosauropteryx, preserved in volcanic ash, was discovered in Liaoning, China, in 1996. Interestingly, the fossil included a pattern of fine lines surrounding the skeletal bones. Some paleontologists interpret the lines as evidence that Sinosauropteryx had feathers. However, critics have opposed the idea that Sinosauropteryx was a feathered dinosaur, citing several reasons.
First, the critics points out that the fine lines may not even represent functional structures of a living dinosaur, but rather structures that were formed after the animal’s death. After the animal died and was buried in volcanic ash, its skin may have decomposed into fibers. The skin fibers then became preserved as lines in the fossil; the lines were misinterpreted as evidence of feathers.
Second, even if the fine lines are remains of real structures of a Sinosauropteryx, scientists cannot tell with certainty what part of the dinosaur’s anatomy the structures were. Many dinosaurs had frills, ornamental fan-shaped structures growing out of some parts of their bodies. Some of the critics argue that the lines surrounding the skeleton are much more likely to be fossilized remains of frills than remains of feathers.
A third objection is based on the fact that the usual functions of feathers are to help animals fly or regulate their internal temperature. However, the structures represented by the lines in the Sinosauropteryx fossil were mostly located along the backbone and the tail of the animal. This would have made the structures quite useless for flight and of very limited use in thermoregulation. This suggests that the lines do not represent feathers.
the reading explains that for some reason the pattern of fine lines surrounding the skeletal bones of sinosauropteryx are not the strong evidence to point out that kind of dinosaur had feather, whereas the lecture challenges this view for some reason.
the speaker says that there are not any similar sign in other animals. this acknowledge contradicts the reading assertion that this sign are not functional and they may be created after death of dinosaur and by volcano effects.
the lecturer also refutes the reading claim that if this sign be important, they must be frills instead of feather. also she says that there are some chemical differences between frills and feathers and this chemical feature is "cariton",that is very lot in frill an not common in feather,and at in the fossils there are very low cariton so they must be feather .
finally the speaker is not convienced that the palce of this sign was back bone and tail of the fossil so they must were not for fly or body tempeture so they were not feather, and she claims that like some other animals there were for dispaling purepos and it is very common that they was feather.
at the end speaker claims that this evidence are strongly proof of the feather in that period of time .
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 1, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: The
the reading explains that for some reason t...
^^^
Line 1, column 186, Rule ID: HAD_VBP[1]
Message: Possible agreement error -- use past participle here: 'feathered'.
Suggestion: feathered
... to point out that kind of dinosaur had feather, whereas the lecture challenges this vi...
^^^^^^^
Line 1, column 186, Rule ID: HAVE_PART_AGREEMENT[1]
Message: Use past participle here: 'feathered'.
Suggestion: feathered
... to point out that kind of dinosaur had feather, whereas the lecture challenges this vi...
^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 1, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: The
...hallenges this view for some reason. the speaker says that there are not any sim...
^^^
Line 3, column 72, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: This
... not any similar sign in other animals. this acknowledge contradicts the reading ass...
^^^^
Line 5, column 1, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: The
... of dinosaur and by volcano effects. the lecturer also refutes the reading claim...
^^^
Line 5, column 117, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Also
...they must be frills instead of feather. also she says that there are some chemical d...
^^^^
Line 5, column 117, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: also,
...they must be frills instead of feather. also she says that there are some chemical d...
^^^^
Line 5, column 248, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Put a space after the comma
Suggestion: , that
... chemical feature is 'cariton',that is very lot in frill an not common in f...
^^^^^
Line 5, column 275, Rule ID: EN_A_VS_AN
Message: Use 'a' instead of 'an' if the following word doesn't start with a vowel sound, e.g. 'a sentence', 'a university'
Suggestion: a
...cariton',that is very lot in frill an not common in feather,and at in the fo...
^^
Line 5, column 299, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Put a space after the comma
Suggestion: , and
...ry lot in frill an not common in feather,and at in the fossils there are very low c...
^^^^
Line 5, column 306, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...in frill an not common in feather,and at in the fossils there are very low carito...
^^
Line 5, column 373, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Don't put a space before the full stop
Suggestion: .
...very low cariton so they must be feather . finally the speaker is not convienced ...
^^
Line 6, column 1, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Finally
... low cariton so they must be feather . finally the speaker is not convienced that the ...
^^^^^^^
Line 6, column 1, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: finally,
... low cariton so they must be feather . finally the speaker is not convienced that the ...
^^^^^^^
Line 6, column 89, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...alce of this sign was back bone and tail of the fossil so they must were not for ...
^^
Line 6, column 170, Rule ID: BEEN_PART_AGREEMENT[2]
Message: Consider using a past participle here: 'feathered'.
Suggestion: feathered
... fly or body tempeture so they were not feather, and she claims that like some other an...
^^^^^^^
Line 8, column 1, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: At
...s very common that they was feather. at the end speaker claims that this eviden...
^^
Line 8, column 58, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...r claims that this evidence are strongly proof of the feather in that period of t...
^^
Line 8, column 89, Rule ID: PERIOD_OF_TIME[1]
Message: Use simply 'period'.
Suggestion: period
... strongly proof of the feather in that period of time .
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 8, column 103, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Don't put a space before the full stop
Suggestion: .
...of of the feather in that period of time .
^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, finally, if, may, so, whereas, kind of
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 19.0 10.4613686534 182% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 4.0 5.04856512141 79% => OK
Conjunction : 9.0 7.30242825607 123% => OK
Relative clauses : 12.0 12.0772626932 99% => OK
Pronoun: 28.0 22.412803532 125% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 22.0 30.3222958057 73% => OK
Nominalization: 3.0 5.01324503311 60% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1051.0 1373.03311258 77% => OK
No of words: 218.0 270.72406181 81% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 4.82110091743 5.08290768461 95% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.84250218741 4.04702891845 95% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.71105404771 2.5805825403 105% => OK
Unique words: 110.0 145.348785872 76% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.504587155963 0.540411800872 93% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 321.3 419.366225166 77% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 3.25607064018 92% => OK
Article: 3.0 8.23620309051 36% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 2.0 1.51434878587 132% => OK
Preposition: 1.0 2.5761589404 39% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 7.0 13.0662251656 54% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 31.0 21.2450331126 146% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively long.
Sentence length SD: 82.7699048136 49.2860985944 168% => OK
Chars per sentence: 150.142857143 110.228320801 136% => OK
Words per sentence: 31.1428571429 21.698381199 144% => OK
Discourse Markers: 6.28571428571 7.06452816374 89% => OK
Paragraphs: 5.0 4.09492273731 122% => OK
Language errors: 21.0 4.19205298013 501% => Less language errors wanted.
Sentences with positive sentiment : 3.0 4.33554083885 69% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 4.45695364238 67% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 1.0 4.27373068433 23% => More facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.0992988879176 0.272083759551 36% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0439748136899 0.0996497079465 44% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.058201148438 0.0662205650399 88% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0585269243488 0.162205337803 36% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0618271707026 0.0443174109184 140% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 16.8 13.3589403974 126% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 48.47 53.8541721854 90% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 14.2 11.0289183223 129% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.27 12.2367328918 92% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.36 8.42419426049 99% => OK
difficult_words: 44.0 63.6247240618 69% => More difficult words wanted.
linsear_write_formula: 13.0 10.7273730684 121% => OK
gunning_fog: 14.4 10.498013245 137% => OK
text_standard: 17.0 11.2008830022 152% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 70.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 21.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.