Pterosaurs were an ancient group of winged reptiles that lived alongside the dinosaurs. Many pterosaurs were very large, some as large as a giraffe and with a wingspan of over 12 meters. Paleontologists have long wondered whether large pterosaurs were capable of powered flight (flying by flapping their wings) or whether they were able only to glide. Several arguments have been made against powered flight.
Doubters point out that since modern reptiles are cold-blooded, ancient reptiles such as pterosaurs were probably cold-blooded as well. Cold-blooded animals typically have a slow metabolism and are unable to produce a lot of energy. Powered flight is an activity requiring a lot of energy, which is why all modern vertebrates that fly are warm-blooded, not cold-blooded. It seemed unlikely that pterosaurs would have been able to generate the energy needed to fly.
Second, there is a limit to the weight of animals that can be kept airborne by powered flight. Pterosaurs that were as large as a giraffe were probably so heavy that they would not have been able to flap their wings fast enough to stay aloft for any length of time.
Third, all animals with powered flight are able to take off from the ground. For example, birds take off by jumping from their legs or running to gain speed and then jumping. But these methods would not have worked for large pterosaurs. Large pterosaurs would have needed big, powerful muscles in their back legs to launch themselves into the air, and we know from fossilized bones that their back leg muscles were too small and weak to allow the pterosaurs to run fast enough or jump high enough to launch themselves into the air.
The reading claims that Pterosaurs that were huge animals could not fly by flapping their wings that named power flight.However, the lecturer finds all the ideas dubious and presents some evidence to refute them all.
The author argues that these animals were cold-blooding and just warm-blooding species of animals have this ability.Conversely, the lecturer brings up the idea that it is true that their metabolism were cold-blooding but according to the fossils that have been discovered by scientist it is obvious that they had dense hair on they body and were furry animals and that its duty was maintaining their body warm high so this feather supplied that made their flying feasible.
Furthermore, the reading passage holds the view that these animals were to large and heavy that did not allow them to flap their wings.On the contrary, the professor underlines the fact that the unearthed bones in their fossils prove that despite of their large bones there are holes in them and they are not solid so their weight could not be too much that prevent them from flying.
Finally, the reading asserts that birds need to be so fast to run and jump from the surface of the ground. In contrast, the speaker dismisses this issue due to the fact that there are different between birds and Pterosaurs because birds have just two limbs for jumping but these animals had four limbs and use them for walking and give them capability of running fast.Indeed they push all their tow legs of the forth and two legs of the back of their body and take off from the earth .so by these explains we can say these animals could flap their wings and fly and.
- Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Movies and TV programs made in one’s own country are more interesting than those made in other countries. 73
- Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?The ability to maintain friendships with a small number of people over a long period of time is more important for happiness than the ability to make many new friends easily.Use specific reasons and ex 30
- Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?The ability to maintain friendships with a small number of people over a long period of time is more important for happiness than the ability to make many new friends easily.Use specific reasons and ex 70
- Many scientists believe it would be possible to maintain a permanent human presence on Mars or the Moon. On the other hand, conditions on Venus are so extreme and inhospitable that maintaining a human presence there would be impossible.First, atmospheric 81
- Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they respond to the specific points made in the reading passage. 3
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 121, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: However
...ing their wings that named power flight.However, the lecturer finds all the ideas dubio...
^^^^^^^
Line 2, column 116, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: Conversely
...ng species of animals have this ability.Conversely, the lecturer brings up the idea that i...
^^^^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 135, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: On
... did not allow them to flap their wings.On the contrary, the professor underlines ...
^^
Line 4, column 368, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: Indeed
...nd give them capability of running fast.Indeed they push all their tow legs of the fo...
^^^^^^
Line 4, column 368, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: Indeed,
...nd give them capability of running fast.Indeed they push all their tow legs of the fo...
^^^^^^
Line 4, column 374, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...e them capability of running fast.Indeed they push all their tow legs of the fort...
^^
Line 4, column 484, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Don't put a space before the full stop
Suggestion: .
...f their body and take off from the earth .so by these explains we can say these an...
^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, conversely, finally, furthermore, however, if, so, in contrast, it is true, on the contrary
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 14.0 10.4613686534 134% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 5.0 5.04856512141 99% => OK
Conjunction : 16.0 7.30242825607 219% => Less conjunction wanted
Relative clauses : 17.0 12.0772626932 141% => OK
Pronoun: 50.0 22.412803532 223% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 29.0 30.3222958057 96% => OK
Nominalization: 1.0 5.01324503311 20% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1361.0 1373.03311258 99% => OK
No of words: 286.0 270.72406181 106% => OK
Chars per words: 4.75874125874 5.08290768461 94% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.11236361783 4.04702891845 102% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.44472614039 2.5805825403 95% => OK
Unique words: 147.0 145.348785872 101% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.513986013986 0.540411800872 95% => OK
syllable_count: 397.8 419.366225166 95% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.4 1.55342163355 90% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 0.0 3.25607064018 0% => OK
Article: 8.0 8.23620309051 97% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 5.0 13.0662251656 38% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 57.0 21.2450331126 268% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively long.
Sentence length SD: 143.534804142 49.2860985944 291% => The lengths of sentences changed so frequently.
Chars per sentence: 272.2 110.228320801 247% => Less chars_per_sentence wanted.
Words per sentence: 57.2 21.698381199 264% => Less words per sentence wanted.
Discourse Markers: 19.2 7.06452816374 272% => Less transition words/phrases wanted.
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 7.0 4.19205298013 167% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 1.0 4.33554083885 23% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 2.0 4.45695364238 45% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 2.0 4.27373068433 47% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.116975960738 0.272083759551 43% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0674601448492 0.0996497079465 68% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0447558443824 0.0662205650399 68% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0830091039362 0.162205337803 51% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0346075491267 0.0443174109184 78% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 29.6 13.3589403974 222% => Automated_readability_index is high.
flesch_reading_ease: 30.54 53.8541721854 57% => Flesch_reading_ease is low.
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 23.2 11.0289183223 210% => Flesch kincaid grade is high.
coleman_liau_index: 11.22 12.2367328918 92% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 9.06 8.42419426049 108% => OK
difficult_words: 47.0 63.6247240618 74% => More difficult words wanted.
linsear_write_formula: 27.5 10.7273730684 256% => Linsear_write_formula is high.
gunning_fog: 24.8 10.498013245 236% => Gunning_fog is high.
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 75.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 22.5 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.