Car manufacturers and governments have been eagerly seeking a replacement for the automobile's main source of power, the internal-combustion engine. By far the most promising alternative source of energy for cars is the hydrogen-based fuel-cell engine, which uses hydrogen to create electricity that, in turn, powers the car. Fuel-cell engines have several advantages over internal-combustion engines and will probably soon replace them.
One of the main problems with the internal-combustion engine is that it relies on petroleum, either in the form of gasoline or diesel fuel. Petroleum is a finite resource; someday, we will run out of oil. The hydrogen needed for fuel-cell engines cannot easily be depleted. Hydrogen can be derived from various plentiful sources, including natural gas and even water. The fact that fuel-cell engines utilize easily available, renewable resources makes them particularly attractive.
Second, hydrogen-based fuel cells are attractive because they will solve many of the world's pollution problems. An unavoidable by-product of burning oil is carbon dioxide, and carbon dioxide harms the environment. On the other hand, the only byproduct of fuel-cell engines is water.
Third, fuel-cell engines will soon be economically competitive because people will spend less money to operate a fuel-cell engine than they will to operate an internal-combustion engine. This is true for one simple reason: a fuel-cell automobile is nearly twice as efficient in using its fuel as an automobile powered by an internal-combustion engine is. In other words, the fuel-cell powered car requires only halfthe fuel energy that the internal-combustion powered car does to go the same distance.
The reading passage and the lecture are both about the hydrogen-based fuel-cell engine and whether it could be a superior alternative to the currently used internal-combustion engine. The article states that the hydrogen-based fuel-cell engine has several advantages over the internal-combustion engine. It proposes that the hydrogen-based fuel-cell engine will be a very strong competitor for the internal-combustion engine. The lecturer, on the other hand, believes that the author of the article is way too optimistic in its assessment of the hydrogen-based fuel-cell engine potential.
First of all, The lecturer mentions that although hydrogen is present in many common substances such as water and natural gas, it's not usable in this form. The professor further explains that the hydrogen needed to power hydrogen-based fuel-cell engines has to be in a pure liquid state and that, in turn, requires highly advanced technology to produce and store. According to the lecture, liquid hydrogen needs to be stored at a very cold temperature around minus two hundred fifty-three degrees Celsius, which only obtainable with a very elaborate technology making fuel-cell engines impractical.
Moreover, the speaker in the lecture postulates that hydrogen-based fuel-cell engines will not provide a solution to the problem of pollution encountered with internal-combustion engines. She posits that the purification process for water and gas to produce pure hydrogen is an energy-consuming process. As a result, factories that produce hydrogen usually depends on burning coal or oil to get the required energy. This burning process contributes to air pollution.
Finally, the lecturer argues that hydrogen-based fuel-cell engines will not offer any cost-saving strategies. She points out that platinum, which is an expensive metal, is an essential non-replaceable part in fuel-cell engines. In her point of view, this makes fuel-cell engines very expensive to manufacture compared to internal-combustion engines.
- The Salton Sea in California is actually a salty inland lake. The level of salt in the lake's water—what scientists call its salinity—has been increasing steadily for years because the lake's water is evaporating faster than it is being repl 70
- TPO - 16Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?The best way to travel is in a group led by a tour guide. 71
- Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is more enjoyable to have a job where you work only three days a week for long hours than to have a job where you work five days a week for shorter hours. Use spec 73
- Asteroids are large space objects made of rock and ice. There are hundreds of thousands of asteroids in our solar system. Though we often hear ideas about establishing colonies of humans to live and work on our Moon or our neighboring planet, Mars, some t 80
- Summarize the pint made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they cast doubt on the specific theories discussed in the reading passage.As early as twelfth century A.D., the settlements of Chaco Canyon in New Mexico in the American Southwest were nota 80
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, finally, first, if, moreover, so, as to, such as, as a result, first of all, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 10.0 10.4613686534 96% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 4.0 5.04856512141 79% => OK
Conjunction : 7.0 7.30242825607 96% => OK
Relative clauses : 13.0 12.0772626932 108% => OK
Pronoun: 21.0 22.412803532 94% => OK
Preposition: 34.0 30.3222958057 112% => OK
Nominalization: 10.0 5.01324503311 199% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1729.0 1373.03311258 126% => OK
No of words: 297.0 270.72406181 110% => OK
Chars per words: 5.82154882155 5.08290768461 115% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.15134772569 4.04702891845 103% => OK
Word Length SD: 3.55787280372 2.5805825403 138% => OK
Unique words: 159.0 145.348785872 109% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.535353535354 0.540411800872 99% => OK
syllable_count: 542.7 419.366225166 129% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.8 1.55342163355 116% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 6.0 3.25607064018 184% => OK
Article: 7.0 8.23620309051 85% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 4.0 2.5761589404 155% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 14.0 13.0662251656 107% => OK
Sentence length: 21.0 21.2450331126 99% => OK
Sentence length SD: 46.4776114634 49.2860985944 94% => OK
Chars per sentence: 123.5 110.228320801 112% => OK
Words per sentence: 21.2142857143 21.698381199 98% => OK
Discourse Markers: 7.07142857143 7.06452816374 100% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 0.0 4.19205298013 0% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 7.0 4.33554083885 161% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 2.0 4.45695364238 45% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 5.0 4.27373068433 117% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.288276247354 0.272083759551 106% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.12003962451 0.0996497079465 120% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0808803962668 0.0662205650399 122% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.184867175638 0.162205337803 114% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0744835740412 0.0443174109184 168% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 16.6 13.3589403974 124% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 33.24 53.8541721854 62% => OK
smog_index: 11.2 5.55761589404 202% => Smog_index is high.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 13.8 11.0289183223 125% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 16.48 12.2367328918 135% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 9.09 8.42419426049 108% => OK
difficult_words: 83.0 63.6247240618 130% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 12.0 10.7273730684 112% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.4 10.498013245 99% => OK
text_standard: 12.0 11.2008830022 107% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 70 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 21 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.