TPO-27 Integrated Writing
The little ice age was a period of unusually cold temperature in many parts of the world that lasted from about the year 1350 until 1900CE. There were southern harsh winters, and glaciers grew also in many areas. Scientist have long wondered what caused the Little Ice Age. Several possible causes have been proposed.
First, the cooling may have been caused by disrupting of ocean currents. Before the Little Ice Age, there was a period of unusually warm weather during which glaciers melted. These melted glaciers sent evidence amount of cold freshwater into the Gulf Stream, a large ocean current that strongly affects Earth's climate. Some scientists believe that this freshwater was enough to temporarily disrupt the Gulf Stream. Such a disruption could have caused the Little Ice Age.
Second, volcanic eruption could have caused the Little Ice Age. When volcanoes erupt, they send dark clouds of dust and sulfur gas into the atmosphere. These clouds, which can spread over great areas, block some sunlight from reaching Earth's surface. This can decrease the global temperatures. Scientists know of several volcanic eruption that took place during the Little Ice Age.
Third, substantial decreases in human populations may have contributed indirectly to the cooling of the climate. For a variety of reason(disease, warfare, social disruption), the human population just before the Little Ice Age and during the early part of it was lower than it had been in a long time. Forest trees started growing on fields that were no longer used for agriculture. Since trees absorb carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, they decrease the greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm. With more forest trees carbon dioxide, earth became cooler.
Both the reading passage and the listening lecture give some information about the causes of little ice age. What is written in the text is either refuted or challenged by the lecturer.
First of all, the reading claims that the cause of cooling is a reason of large amount of cold freshwater distribution to the ocean and it's effect on earth's climate, yet the professor refutes this point by saying that cooling effects southern atmosphere especially southern Africa and New Zealand. southern areas can not become cooler.
Secondly, the author posits volcanic eruption causes the little ice age. However, this argument rebutted by the lecturer. She elaborates on this by mentioning there was not a large amount of volcanic eruption. Because it produces a visual effects like colorful sunset.
Finally, the article puts forward decreasing of the human population may have an effect on the cooling of the climate. Because lack of human population lets forest grow fastly on fields and it provides decrease the greenhouse effect on the earth, but the professor opposes this point by explaining that was not enough time for forest will soon growing population large enough to cause long-time effect.
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 7, column 299, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Southern
...cially southern Africa and New Zealand. southern areas can not become cooler. S...
^^^^^^^^
Line 13, column 211, Rule ID: SENTENCE_FRAGMENT[1]
Message: “Because” at the beginning of a sentence requires a 2nd clause. Maybe a comma, question or exclamation mark is missing, or the sentence is incomplete and should be joined with the following sentence.
...ot a large amount of volcanic eruption. Because it produces a visual effects like color...
^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, finally, first, however, may, second, secondly, so, first of all
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 5.0 10.4613686534 48% => More to be verbs wanted.
Auxiliary verbs: 3.0 5.04856512141 59% => OK
Conjunction : 7.0 7.30242825607 96% => OK
Relative clauses : 3.0 12.0772626932 25% => More relative clauses wanted.
Pronoun: 11.0 22.412803532 49% => OK
Preposition: 24.0 30.3222958057 79% => OK
Nominalization: 8.0 5.01324503311 160% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1032.0 1373.03311258 75% => OK
No of words: 195.0 270.72406181 72% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.29230769231 5.08290768461 104% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.73687570622 4.04702891845 92% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.54099329846 2.5805825403 98% => OK
Unique words: 118.0 145.348785872 81% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.605128205128 0.540411800872 112% => OK
syllable_count: 315.0 419.366225166 75% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 2.0 3.25607064018 61% => OK
Article: 3.0 8.23620309051 36% => OK
Subordination: 2.0 1.25165562914 160% => OK
Conjunction: 2.0 1.51434878587 132% => OK
Preposition: 0.0 2.5761589404 0% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 10.0 13.0662251656 77% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 19.0 21.2450331126 89% => OK
Sentence length SD: 89.031679755 49.2860985944 181% => OK
Chars per sentence: 103.2 110.228320801 94% => OK
Words per sentence: 19.5 21.698381199 90% => OK
Discourse Markers: 6.9 7.06452816374 98% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 2.0 4.19205298013 48% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 2.0 4.33554083885 46% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 2.0 4.45695364238 45% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 6.0 4.27373068433 140% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.342141246239 0.272083759551 126% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.113636226914 0.0996497079465 114% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0941570289693 0.0662205650399 142% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.183437993325 0.162205337803 113% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0408123864338 0.0443174109184 92% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.2 13.3589403974 99% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 52.19 53.8541721854 97% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.7 11.0289183223 97% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 13.4 12.2367328918 110% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.79 8.42419426049 104% => OK
difficult_words: 52.0 63.6247240618 82% => More difficult words wanted.
linsear_write_formula: 10.5 10.7273730684 98% => OK
gunning_fog: 9.6 10.498013245 91% => OK
text_standard: 11.0 11.2008830022 98% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 80.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.