Endotherms are animals such as modern birds and mammals that keep their body temperatures constant. For instance, humans are endotherms and maintain an internal temperature of 37°C, no matter whether the environment is warm or cold.
Because dinosaurs were reptiles, and modern reptiles are not endotherms, it was long assumed that dinosaurs were not endotherms. However, dinosaurs differ in many ways from modern reptiles, and there is now considerable evidence that dinosaurs were, in fact, endotherms.
Polar dinosaurs
One reason for believing that dinosaurs were endotherms is that dinosaur fossils have been discovered in Polar Regions. Only animals that can maintain a temperature well above that of the surrounding environment could be active in such cold climates.
Leg position and movement
There is a connection between endothermy and the position and movement of the legs. The physiology of endothermy allows sustained physical activity, such as running. But running is efficient only if an animal's legs are positioned underneath its body, not at the body's side, as they are for crocodiles and many lizards. The legs of all modern endotherms are underneath the body, and so were the legs of dinosaurs. This strongly suggests that dinosaurs were endotherms.
Haversian canals
There is also a connection between endothermy and bone structure. The bones of endotherms usually include structures called Haversian canals. These canals house nerves and blood vessels that allow the living animal to grow quickly, and rapid body growth is, in fact, a characteristic of endothermy. The presence of Haversian canals in bone is a strong indicator that the animal is an endotherm, and fossilized bones of dinosaurs are usually dense with Haversian canals.
Last try:12/11/2019 02:04Word Count: 248
The reading and lecture are both about whether dinosaurs are endotherms or not. The author feels that they are endotherms and there are reasons that support this idea. However, the lecturer challenges the claims made by the author. She is of the opinion that these explanations are faulty.
Firstly, the reading states that, the endotherms can well afford cooler temperature and so fossils of polar dinosaurs are discovered from the Polar Regions. This argument is refuted by the professor by stating that, polar regions are much warmer than now a days, when cooler climate occurs they tend to migrate or hibernate to other areas. So onlt non-endotherms can do a moving pattern like this.
Secondly, the author posits that, the position of legs was more suitable for the dino's to run. Therefore the endotherms had asustained physical activity which favors the claim of the reader. On the contrary, the lecturer said that the legs position is for bearing the enourmous weight of the animal not that it is endothermic. So that she is proving that dinosaurs are non -endothermic like crocodiles and other reptiles.
Finally, the author tells that, the fossils of the dinosaurs had an extensive harvesian system that is inevitable for the rapid body growth of the animal. Moreover this bone structure is strongly suggestive of endothermy. But the lecturer asserts that the growth ring pattern of the dino bones so extensive and the pattern grew slower in cooler temperature confirms that tgey are non endothermic.
The reading and lecture are both about whether dinosaurs are endotherms or not. The author feels that they are endotherms and there are 3 reasons to support this idea. However, the lecturer challenges the claims made by the author. She is of the opinion that these explanations are faulty.
Firstly, the reading states that the endotherms can well afford cooler temperature and so fossils of polar dinosaurs are discovered from the Arctic Regions. This argument is refuted by the professor by stating that, polar regions are much warmer than nowadays. When the cooler climate occurs, they tend to migrate or hibernate to other areas. So only non-endotherms can do a moving pattern like this.
Secondly, the author posits that the position of legs was more suitable for the dinos to run. Therefore the endotherms had a sustained physical activity that favors the claim of the reader. On the contrary, the lecturer said that the legs position is for bearing the enormous weight of the animal not that it is endothermic. So that she is proving that dinosaurs are not -endothermic like crocodiles and other reptiles.
Finally, the author tells that the fossils of the dinosaurs had an extensive harvesian system that is inevitably showed the rapid body growth of the animal. Moreover, this bone structure is strongly suggestive of endothermy. But the lecturer asserts that the growth ring pattern of the dino bones is so extensive and the pattern grew slower in cooler temperature confirms that they are non-endothermic.
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Comments
Essay evaluations by e-grader
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 5, column 95, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: Therefore,
...was more suitable for the dinos to run. Therefore the endotherms had a sustained physical...
^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, finally, first, firstly, however, moreover, second, secondly, so, therefore, well, on the contrary
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 18.0 10.4613686534 172% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 2.0 5.04856512141 40% => OK
Conjunction : 8.0 7.30242825607 110% => OK
Relative clauses : 15.0 12.0772626932 124% => OK
Pronoun: 25.0 22.412803532 112% => OK
Preposition: 22.0 30.3222958057 73% => OK
Nominalization: 3.0 5.01324503311 60% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1277.0 1373.03311258 93% => OK
No of words: 249.0 270.72406181 92% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.12851405622 5.08290768461 101% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.97237131171 4.04702891845 98% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.72604099294 2.5805825403 106% => OK
Unique words: 137.0 145.348785872 94% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.550200803213 0.540411800872 102% => OK
syllable_count: 398.7 419.366225166 95% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 4.0 3.25607064018 123% => OK
Article: 7.0 8.23620309051 85% => OK
Subordination: 2.0 1.25165562914 160% => OK
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 1.0 2.5761589404 39% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 15.0 13.0662251656 115% => OK
Sentence length: 16.0 21.2450331126 75% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 37.0611506687 49.2860985944 75% => OK
Chars per sentence: 85.1333333333 110.228320801 77% => OK
Words per sentence: 16.6 21.698381199 77% => OK
Discourse Markers: 6.86666666667 7.06452816374 97% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 4.19205298013 24% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 8.0 4.33554083885 185% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 4.45695364238 67% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 4.0 4.27373068433 94% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.151843602754 0.272083759551 56% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0487735361796 0.0996497079465 49% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0442092735891 0.0662205650399 67% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0893033478757 0.162205337803 55% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0153631955674 0.0443174109184 35% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 11.0 13.3589403974 82% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 55.24 53.8541721854 103% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.5 11.0289183223 86% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.18 12.2367328918 100% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 9.19 8.42419426049 109% => OK
difficult_words: 75.0 63.6247240618 118% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 6.5 10.7273730684 61% => OK
gunning_fog: 8.4 10.498013245 80% => OK
text_standard: 10.0 11.2008830022 89% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 81.6666666667 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.5 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 5, column 95, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: Therefore,
...was more suitable for the dinos to run. Therefore the endotherms had a sustained physical...
^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, finally, first, firstly, however, moreover, second, secondly, so, therefore, well, on the contrary
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 18.0 10.4613686534 172% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 2.0 5.04856512141 40% => OK
Conjunction : 8.0 7.30242825607 110% => OK
Relative clauses : 15.0 12.0772626932 124% => OK
Pronoun: 25.0 22.412803532 112% => OK
Preposition: 22.0 30.3222958057 73% => OK
Nominalization: 3.0 5.01324503311 60% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1277.0 1373.03311258 93% => OK
No of words: 249.0 270.72406181 92% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.12851405622 5.08290768461 101% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.97237131171 4.04702891845 98% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.72604099294 2.5805825403 106% => OK
Unique words: 137.0 145.348785872 94% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.550200803213 0.540411800872 102% => OK
syllable_count: 398.7 419.366225166 95% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 4.0 3.25607064018 123% => OK
Article: 7.0 8.23620309051 85% => OK
Subordination: 2.0 1.25165562914 160% => OK
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 1.0 2.5761589404 39% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 15.0 13.0662251656 115% => OK
Sentence length: 16.0 21.2450331126 75% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 37.0611506687 49.2860985944 75% => OK
Chars per sentence: 85.1333333333 110.228320801 77% => OK
Words per sentence: 16.6 21.698381199 77% => OK
Discourse Markers: 6.86666666667 7.06452816374 97% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 4.19205298013 24% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 8.0 4.33554083885 185% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 4.45695364238 67% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 4.0 4.27373068433 94% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.151843602754 0.272083759551 56% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0487735361796 0.0996497079465 49% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0442092735891 0.0662205650399 67% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0893033478757 0.162205337803 55% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0153631955674 0.0443174109184 35% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 11.0 13.3589403974 82% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 55.24 53.8541721854 103% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.5 11.0289183223 86% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.18 12.2367328918 100% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 9.19 8.42419426049 109% => OK
difficult_words: 75.0 63.6247240618 118% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 6.5 10.7273730684 61% => OK
gunning_fog: 8.4 10.498013245 80% => OK
text_standard: 10.0 11.2008830022 89% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 81.6666666667 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.5 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.