Endotherms are animals such as modern birds and mammals that keep their body temperatures constant. For instance, humans are endotherms and maintain an internal temperature of 37°C, no matter whether the environment is warm or cold.
Because dinosaurs were reptiles, and modern reptiles are not endotherms, it was long assumed that dinosaurs were not endotherms. However, dinosaurs differ in many ways from modern reptiles, and there is now considerable evidence that dinosaurs were, in fact, endotherms.
Polar dinosaurs
One reason for believing that dinosaurs were endotherms is that dinosaur fossils have been discovered in Polar Regions. Only animals that can maintain a temperature well above that of the surrounding environment could be active in such cold climates.
Leg position and movement
There is a connection between endothermy and the position and movement of the legs. The physiology of endothermy allows sustained physical activity, such as running. But running is efficient only if an animal's legs are positioned underneath its body, not at the body's side, as they are for crocodiles and many lizards. The legs of all modern endotherms are underneath the body, and so were the legs of dinosaurs. This strongly suggests that dinosaurs were endotherms.
Haversian canals
There is also a connection between endothermy and bone structure. The bones of endotherms usually include structures called Haversian canals. These canals house nerves and blood vessels that allow the living animal to grow quickly, and rapid body growth is, in fact, a characteristic of endothermy. The presence of Haversian canals in bone is a strong indicator that the animal is an endotherm, and fossilized bones of dinosaurs are usually dense with Haversian canals.
The reading states dinosaurs are endotherm reptiles. It provides three reasons to support it stances. The lecturer claims dinosaurs are not endotherm. And the professor delineating explanations to refutes each of the reason.
First, the given excerpt claims, dinosaurs fossils are found in the polar region and as the polar areas are cold, so the dinosaur is able to maintain their body temperature and characterize itself as an endothermic reptiles. The lecturer however, denies this stance by describing the possible atmosphere of the polar region. The polar areas are two state temperature, summer and cold.
Second, the reading assumes, dinosaurs are endotherm as their leg position and movement support. But the professor refutes by describing that the dinosaures are large in size and weighty structure, so they can not hold endothermic epithet.
Third, the passage states, dinosaurs have Haverian canals that entails rapid growth and bone structure to support an endothermic reptiles. This position is quite problematic with the professor proclamations. The professors undermines this position by saying that, dinosaurs are growing in haphazard fashion such as during cold they have slow growth and during warm they grow in rapid fashion that is quite incoherent with endothermic reptiles.
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| 2023-07-20 | guna | 73 | view |
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 3, column 216, Rule ID: A_PLURAL[2]
Message: Don't use indefinite articles with plural words. Did you mean 'reptile'?
Suggestion: reptile
...d characterize itself as an endothermic reptiles. The lecturer however, denies this stan...
^^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 162, Rule ID: ADJECTIVE_IN_ATTRIBUTE[1]
Message: A more concise phrase may lose no meaning and sound more powerful.
Suggestion: large
...s by describing that the dinosaures are large in size and weighty structure, so they can not ...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 7, column 130, Rule ID: A_PLURAL[2]
Message: Don't use indefinite articles with plural words. Did you mean 'reptile'?
Suggestion: reptile
...one structure to support an endothermic reptiles. This position is quite problematic wit...
^^^^^^^^
Line 7, column 224, Rule ID: AGREEMENT_SENT_START[1]
Message: You should probably use 'undermine'.
Suggestion: undermine
...professor proclamations. The professors undermines this position by saying that, dinosaurs...
^^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, first, however, second, so, third, such as
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 11.0 10.4613686534 105% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 1.0 5.04856512141 20% => OK
Conjunction : 9.0 7.30242825607 123% => OK
Relative clauses : 4.0 12.0772626932 33% => More relative clauses wanted.
Pronoun: 15.0 22.412803532 67% => OK
Preposition: 17.0 30.3222958057 56% => More preposition wanted.
Nominalization: 4.0 5.01324503311 80% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1110.0 1373.03311258 81% => OK
No of words: 198.0 270.72406181 73% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.60606060606 5.08290768461 110% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.75116612262 4.04702891845 93% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.82239647192 2.5805825403 109% => OK
Unique words: 110.0 145.348785872 76% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.555555555556 0.540411800872 103% => OK
syllable_count: 339.3 419.366225166 81% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.7 1.55342163355 109% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 2.0 3.25607064018 61% => OK
Article: 8.0 8.23620309051 97% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 2.0 1.51434878587 132% => OK
Preposition: 0.0 2.5761589404 0% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 12.0 13.0662251656 92% => OK
Sentence length: 16.0 21.2450331126 75% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 62.8567595587 49.2860985944 128% => OK
Chars per sentence: 92.5 110.228320801 84% => OK
Words per sentence: 16.5 21.698381199 76% => OK
Discourse Markers: 3.91666666667 7.06452816374 55% => More transition words/phrases wanted.
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 4.0 4.19205298013 95% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 4.0 4.33554083885 92% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 2.0 4.45695364238 45% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 6.0 4.27373068433 140% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.210547067425 0.272083759551 77% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0784129896356 0.0996497079465 79% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0707216584063 0.0662205650399 107% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.128108871516 0.162205337803 79% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0196082485493 0.0443174109184 44% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.2 13.3589403974 99% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 46.78 53.8541721854 87% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.7 11.0289183223 97% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 14.96 12.2367328918 122% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.74 8.42419426049 104% => OK
difficult_words: 54.0 63.6247240618 85% => More difficult words wanted.
linsear_write_formula: 6.0 10.7273730684 56% => Linsear_write_formula is low.
gunning_fog: 8.4 10.498013245 80% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 80.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.0 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.