The Little Ice Age was a period of unusually cold temperature in many parts of the world that lasted from about the year 1350 until 1900C.E.. There were unusually harsh winters, and glaciers grew larger in many areas. Scientists have long wondered what caused the Little Ice Age. Several possible causes have been proposed.
First, the cooling may have been caused by disrupting of ocean currents. Before the Little Ice Age, there was a period of unusually warm weather during which glaciers melted. These melted glaciers sent a large amount of cold freshwater into the Gulf Stream, a large ocean current that strongly affects Earth's climate. Some scientists believe that this freshwater was enough to temporarily disrupt the Gulf Stream. Such a disruption could have caused the Little Ice Age.
Second, volcanic eruption could have caused the Little Ice Age. When volcanoes erupt, they send dark clouds of dust and sulfur gas into the atmosphere. These clouds, which can spread over great areas, block some sunlight from reaching Earth's surface. This can decrease the global temperatures. Scientists know of several volcanic eruption that took place during the Little Ice Age.
Third, substantial decreases in human populations may have contributed indirectly to the cooling of the climate. For a variety of reason(disease, warfare, social disruption), the human population just before the Little Ice Age and during the early part of it was lower than it had been in a long time. Forest trees started growing on fields that were no longer used for agriculture. Since trees absorb carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, they decrease the greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm. With more forest trees absorbing carbon dioxide, earth became cooler.
Both the reading passage and lecture discuss which factors were responsible for creating little ice age. The former argues three reasons behind this, but the later refutes each of these three points.
First of all, the author of the passage claims that hot climatic conditions caused melting of glaciers and a huge amount of cold clear water might happen to change of ocean streams which might be the reason of occurring little ice age. However, the lecture contends that melting water caused changes of ocean stream of Europe and North America, but in South Africa and New Zealand, there sea currents remained the same. Therefore, this explanation would not satisfy the original reasons of creating small Ice age.
Secondly, the text asserts that volcanic eruptions produced a lot of dust and sulfur gas which might cause hindrance of reaching sunlight into the Earth's surface and this way, the temperature of earth's might be falling down. In contrast, the listening counters that if volcanic eruptions made a lot of dust, then it created some visual effects, for example, people observed different color sunset, snow looked like brown and grey color instead of white. Hence, this dust was not released enough to make the temperature cold to block the sun-rays.
In third, the reading passage states that because of the reduction of agricultural production and a small number of human beings, forests might grow faster and absorb more carbon dioxide that might cause the ice age. On the other hand, the lecturer mentions that though the population growth rate was diminishing, it could reach in previous levels very quickly and could cut down trees again and started more plant cultivation. So, dropping down the human population would not strong evidence to support the beginning the little ice age.
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 7, column 99, Rule ID: SMALL_NUMBER_OF[1]
Message: Specify a number, remove phrase, use 'a few', or use 'some'
Suggestion: a few; some
...eduction of agricultural production and a small number of human beings, forests might grow faster...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, first, hence, however, if, look, second, secondly, so, then, therefore, third, for example, in contrast, first of all, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 5.0 10.4613686534 48% => More to be verbs wanted.
Auxiliary verbs: 10.0 5.04856512141 198% => OK
Conjunction : 13.0 7.30242825607 178% => OK
Relative clauses : 10.0 12.0772626932 83% => OK
Pronoun: 14.0 22.412803532 62% => OK
Preposition: 33.0 30.3222958057 109% => OK
Nominalization: 8.0 5.01324503311 160% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1515.0 1373.03311258 110% => OK
No of words: 296.0 270.72406181 109% => OK
Chars per words: 5.11824324324 5.08290768461 101% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.14784890444 4.04702891845 102% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.32873707061 2.5805825403 90% => OK
Unique words: 178.0 145.348785872 122% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.601351351351 0.540411800872 111% => OK
syllable_count: 449.1 419.366225166 107% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 3.25607064018 92% => OK
Article: 8.0 8.23620309051 97% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 2.0 1.51434878587 132% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 11.0 13.0662251656 84% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 26.0 21.2450331126 122% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively long.
Sentence length SD: 60.033874735 49.2860985944 122% => OK
Chars per sentence: 137.727272727 110.228320801 125% => OK
Words per sentence: 26.9090909091 21.698381199 124% => OK
Discourse Markers: 12.8181818182 7.06452816374 181% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 4.19205298013 24% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 5.0 4.33554083885 115% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 5.0 4.45695364238 112% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 1.0 4.27373068433 23% => More facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.116733615219 0.272083759551 43% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0474072204326 0.0996497079465 48% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.035107557404 0.0662205650399 53% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0689409964554 0.162205337803 43% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0161106655132 0.0443174109184 36% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 16.1 13.3589403974 121% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 53.55 53.8541721854 99% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 12.3 11.0289183223 112% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.71 12.2367328918 104% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.82 8.42419426049 105% => OK
difficult_words: 73.0 63.6247240618 115% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 13.0 10.7273730684 121% => OK
gunning_fog: 12.4 10.498013245 118% => OK
text_standard: 13.0 11.2008830022 116% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 86.6666666667 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 26.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.