Did bees (a type of insect) exist on Earth as early as 200 million years ago? Such a theory is supported by the discovery of very old fossil structures that resemble bee nests. The structures have been found inside 200- million-year-old fossilized trees in the state of Arizona in the southwestern United States. However, many skeptics doubt that the structures were created by bees. The skeptics support their view with several arguments.
No Fossils of Actual Bees
First, no fossil remains of actual bees have ever been found that date to 200 million years ago. The earliest preserved body of a bee is 100 million years old—only half as old as the fossilized structures discovered in Arizona.
Absence of Flowering Plants
A second reason to doubt that bees existed 200 million years ago is the absence of flowering plants in that period. Today's bees feed almost exclusively on the flowers of flowering plants; in fact, bees and flowering plants have evolved a close, mutually dependent biological relationship. Flowering plants, however, first appeared on Earth 125 million years ago. Given the bees’ close association with flowering plants, it is unlikely bees could have existed before that time.
Structures Lack Some Details
Third, while the fossilized structures found in Arizona are somewhat similar to nest chambers made by modern bees, they lack some of the finer details of bees’ nests. For example, chambers of modern bee nests are closed by caps that have a spiral pattern, but the fossilized chambers lack such caps. That suggests the fossilized structures were made by other insects, such as wood-boring beetles.
The reading passage states three theories about the fossilized bee neet that paleaontologists found in the State of Arizona in the United States which they cast doubts about its relation to modern day bee nests. Whereas, the lecturer points out that these hypopheses are not convincing, and it is pretty possible that the nest have been made by bees back then.
Firstly, the author insists that scientists did not find any bee fossils dated to 200 million years ago. The professor, however, argues that this is because the ancient bees were not be able to be preserved. She says that a especial secreat of tree called Reson is responsible for bees preservation, and trees with that feature were pretty rare at that time, but now there are lots of trees with Reson. As a result, we can not deny the presence of bees because of that, maybe there were bees but because of the lack of Reson they did not became fossil.
Secondly, the article says that bee's food which were flowering plants appeared on earth 125 million years ago. In contrast, the speaker reckons that eventhogh there is a close mutual relationship between bees and flowering plants, but flowers are not their only source of food. She mentiones that bees feed on none flowering plants such as fern and pine trees, and through time they adopted themselves to flowering plants.
Lastly, the writer deems that the lack of some fine details in that fossil reject it's belongness to bees nest. On the contrary, the lecturer refutes it by saying that bees back then used special material to water proof their nest and they did not need that spiral shape to be pr
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 5, column 184, Rule ID: BEEN_PART_AGREEMENT[2]
Message: Consider using a past participle here: 'been'.
Suggestion: been
...is is because the ancient bees were not be able to be preserved. She says that a e...
^^
Line 5, column 223, Rule ID: EN_A_VS_AN
Message: Use 'an' instead of 'a' if the following word starts with a vowel sound, e.g. 'an article', 'an hour'
Suggestion: an
... be able to be preserved. She says that a especial secreat of tree called Reson i...
^
Line 5, column 539, Rule ID: DID_BASEFORM[1]
Message: The verb 'did' requires the base form of the verb: 'become'
Suggestion: become
...cause of the lack of Reson they did not became fossil. Secondly, the article says...
^^^^^^
Line 9, column 33, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[1]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'bees'' or 'bee's'?
Suggestion: bees'; bee's
...l. Secondly, the article says that bees food which were flowering plants appear...
^^^^
Line 13, column 208, Rule ID: EN_COMPOUNDS
Message: This word is normally spelled as one.
Suggestion: waterproof
...bees back then used special material to water proof their nest and they did not need that s...
^^^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, first, firstly, however, lastly, may, second, secondly, so, then, whereas, in contrast, such as, as a result, on the contrary
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 15.0 10.4613686534 143% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 2.0 5.04856512141 40% => OK
Conjunction : 9.0 7.30242825607 123% => OK
Relative clauses : 18.0 12.0772626932 149% => OK
Pronoun: 32.0 22.412803532 143% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 33.0 30.3222958057 109% => OK
Nominalization: 3.0 5.01324503311 60% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1351.0 1373.03311258 98% => OK
No of words: 283.0 270.72406181 105% => OK
Chars per words: 4.77385159011 5.08290768461 94% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.10153676581 4.04702891845 101% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.3253407233 2.5805825403 90% => OK
Unique words: 164.0 145.348785872 113% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.579505300353 0.540411800872 107% => OK
syllable_count: 395.1 419.366225166 94% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.4 1.55342163355 90% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 3.25607064018 92% => OK
Article: 8.0 8.23620309051 97% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 5.0 1.51434878587 330% => Less conjunction wanted as sentence beginning.
Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 11.0 13.0662251656 84% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 25.0 21.2450331126 118% => OK
Sentence length SD: 35.2638226811 49.2860985944 72% => OK
Chars per sentence: 122.818181818 110.228320801 111% => OK
Words per sentence: 25.7272727273 21.698381199 119% => OK
Discourse Markers: 11.8181818182 7.06452816374 167% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 5.0 4.19205298013 119% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 4.0 4.33554083885 92% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 4.45695364238 67% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 4.0 4.27373068433 94% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.270465280022 0.272083759551 99% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.105538540131 0.0996497079465 106% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0772601255826 0.0662205650399 117% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.146250929596 0.162205337803 90% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0488726438909 0.0443174109184 110% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.9 13.3589403974 104% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 63.02 53.8541721854 117% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.7 11.0289183223 97% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 10.68 12.2367328918 87% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.17 8.42419426049 97% => OK
difficult_words: 59.0 63.6247240618 93% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 11.0 10.7273730684 103% => OK
gunning_fog: 12.0 10.498013245 114% => OK
text_standard: 11.0 11.2008830022 98% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 83 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 25 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.