In 1912 a bookseller named Wilfrid M. Voynich acquired a beautifully illustrated handwritten book (manuscript) written on vellum (vellum is a material that was used for writing before the introduction of paper). The "Voynich manuscript," as it became known, resembles manuscripts written in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. However, it is written in a completely unknown script. To date, no one has been able to decode the script and understand the book's content. Several theories have been proposed to explain the origin of the Voynich manuscript. One theory is that the manuscript is a genuine work on some scientific or magical subject composed in a complex secret code. Anthony Ascham, a sixteenth-century physician and botanist, has been identified as a possible author, since many plant illustrations in the Voynich manuscript are quite similar to those in Ascham's book on medicinal plants, A Little Herbal, published in 1550. According to some other theories, the manuscript is really a fake and its text has no real meaning. For example, it has been proposed the manuscript was created by Edward Kelley, a sixteenth century personality who extracted money from nobles across Europe by pretending to have magical powers. Kelley may have created the manuscript as a fake magical book to sell to a wealthy noble. He used a made-up alphabet in a completely random order. It looks like a book of magical secrets, but there is no meaningful underlying text. Another theory is that the manuscript is actually a modern fake created by Wilfrid M. Voynich himself. As an antique book dealer, Voynich certainly had the knowledge of what old manuscripts should look like and could have created a fake one. Perhaps Voynich's plan was to sell the fake as a mysterious old book if he received an attractive offer.
Both the reading and the lecture discuss who could have written the Voynich manuscript. The author suggests three possible theories about the origin of the text. In the lecture, however, the speaker believes none of the mentioned people could have possibly created the manuscript, therefore, none of the stated arguments is true.
First, one hypothesis that Anthony Ashcam, who was a brilliant doctor, would have composed the book in elaborated secret codes, the author reports. In fact, the Voynich manuscript resembles one of Ascham's books, which is the Little Herbal. Conversely, the speaker disagrees with this belief by stating that Ascham was an ordinary scholar and even more so, the Little Herbal content is based on well-known resources. Therefore, if Ascham wanted to write the Voynich manuscript, he could not because he did not have the capability or the talent to write such a well -written book.
Second of all, the writer suggests that some experts in the field hold the belief that the Voynich manuscript could be fake and meaning less. Of course, they claim that Edward Kelley, who was a magician, used to fool wealthy people by his fake magic powers. So, he could have made-up the book to make some money. In contrast, the speaker refutes this statement. He says that the Voynich manuscript original writer worked diligently to hide the meaning of it. Moreover, it is true Kelly wanted to sell the book for the Nobel people at that time, but they were easy to fool. Thus, if Kelley wanted to deceive the wealthy people, he did not have to put so much effort to impress them.
Finally, the writer wraps his argument by explaining that the Voynich manuscript could be a modern fake. Indeed, Wilfrid M. Voynich himself could have arranged the whole story to make profit out of it. In contrast, the professor argues it is true that Voyinch could have made tremendous profits from selling the book, but he could not have the means to produce such a manuscript. Because some experts have detected that the book's vellum and Ink are 400 years old, Voynich could not have the materials to write the book.
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 3, column 1, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...one of the stated arguments is true. First, one hypothesis that Anthony Ashca...
^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, conversely, finally, first, however, if, moreover, second, so, therefore, thus, well, in contrast, in fact, of course, it is true
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 12.0 10.4613686534 115% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 11.0 5.04856512141 218% => Less auxiliary verb wanted.
Conjunction : 7.0 7.30242825607 96% => OK
Relative clauses : 14.0 12.0772626932 116% => OK
Pronoun: 28.0 22.412803532 125% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 36.0 30.3222958057 119% => OK
Nominalization: 2.0 5.01324503311 40% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1764.0 1373.03311258 128% => OK
No of words: 361.0 270.72406181 133% => OK
Chars per words: 4.8864265928 5.08290768461 96% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.35889894354 4.04702891845 108% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.35764830633 2.5805825403 91% => OK
Unique words: 190.0 145.348785872 131% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.526315789474 0.540411800872 97% => OK
syllable_count: 527.4 419.366225166 126% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 6.0 3.25607064018 184% => OK
Article: 10.0 8.23620309051 121% => OK
Subordination: 3.0 1.25165562914 240% => Less adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 2.0 1.51434878587 132% => OK
Preposition: 5.0 2.5761589404 194% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 19.0 13.0662251656 145% => OK
Sentence length: 19.0 21.2450331126 89% => OK
Sentence length SD: 44.0691976649 49.2860985944 89% => OK
Chars per sentence: 92.8421052632 110.228320801 84% => OK
Words per sentence: 19.0 21.698381199 88% => OK
Discourse Markers: 7.05263157895 7.06452816374 100% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 4.19205298013 24% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 8.0 4.33554083885 185% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 4.45695364238 90% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 7.0 4.27373068433 164% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.227559140973 0.272083759551 84% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0763270461769 0.0996497079465 77% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0591747477546 0.0662205650399 89% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.144464744058 0.162205337803 89% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0356319070852 0.0443174109184 80% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 11.1 13.3589403974 83% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 60.65 53.8541721854 113% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.5 11.0289183223 86% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.08 12.2367328918 91% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.56 8.42419426049 102% => OK
difficult_words: 91.0 63.6247240618 143% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 8.0 10.7273730684 75% => OK
gunning_fog: 9.6 10.498013245 91% => OK
text_standard: 10.0 11.2008830022 89% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Write the essay in 20 minutes.
Rates: 63.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 19.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.