Did bees (a type of insect) exist on Earth as early as 200 million years ago? Such a theory is supported by the discovery of very old fossil structures that resemble bee nests. The structures have been found inside 200- million-year-old fossilized trees in the state of Arizona in the southwestern United States. However, many skeptics doubt that the structures were created by bees. The skeptics support their view with several arguments.No Fossils of Actual BeesFirst, no fossil remains of actual bees have ever been found that date to 200 million years ago. The earliest preserved body of a bee is 100 million years old—only half as old as the fossilized structures discovered in Arizona.Absence of Flowering PlantsA second reason to doubt that bees existed 200 million years ago is the absence of flowering plants in that period. Today's bees feed almost exclusively on the flowers of flowering plants; in fact, bees and flowering plants have evolved a close, mutually dependent biological relationship. Flowering plants, however, first appeared on Earth 125 million years ago. Given the bees’ close association with flowering plants, it is unlikely bees could have existed before that time.Structures Lack Some DetailsThird, while the fossilized structures found in Arizona are somewhat similar to nest chambers made by modern bees, they lack some of the finer details of bees’ nests. For example, chambers of modern bee nests are closed by caps that have a spiral pattern, but the fossilized chambers lack such caps. That suggests the fossilized structures were made by other insects, such as wood-boring beetles.Word Count: 244
The reading states that although a fossil structures discovered, the bees didn't exist on earth 200 million years ago. The lecture, on the other hand, refuted all the three aformentiond episods of argument. She states that these reasons are not convincing.
To begin with, the passage claims that the oldest fossil of actual bees is 100 million years old. Nevertheless, this point is challenged by the professor. She mentions that bee can be exicted 200 million years ago even there are no fossil remains of actual bees. Bees did not preserved because bees need a resin liquid, but 200 milion years ago the trees that release the resin liquid didn't existed. Therefore, there were no liquid resin to preserve bees to be fosslized.
Second, The reading posits that bees can not exist without existence of flowering trees in the 200 milion years ago. However, the professor rebutted this point by arguing that bees exicted before evolution of flowering trees, and bees were able to feed from non-flowering trees such as firn and pintrees. When flowering trees evolved, bees aopted a stable feeding. Eventually, the reading claims that fossil structures does'nt have some details and has diffrent pattern. The lecturer casts doubt on this specific reason by saying that chemical composition in the fossil structure, which is used for making structure waterproof, has similar chemical composition that modern bees use as a way to make structure waterproof.
In sum, all the tree reasons effectively rejected by the professor.
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Comments
Essay evaluations by e-grader
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 75, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: didn't
... fossil structures discovered, the bees didnt exist on earth 200 million years ago. T...
^^^^^
Line 2, column 277, Rule ID: DID_BASEFORM[1]
Message: The verb 'did' requires the base form of the verb: 'preserve'
Suggestion: preserve
...il remains of actual bees. Bees did not preserved because bees need a resin liquid, but 2...
^^^^^^^^^
Line 2, column 386, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: didn't
...the trees that release the resin liquid didnt existed. Therefore, there were no liqui...
^^^^^
Line 3, column 419, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: doesn't
...e reading claims that fossil structures doesnt have some details and has diffrent patt...
^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, however, if, nevertheless, second, so, therefore, such as, to begin with, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 9.0 10.4613686534 86% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 3.0 5.04856512141 59% => OK
Conjunction : 4.0 7.30242825607 55% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 12.0 12.0772626932 99% => OK
Pronoun: 16.0 22.412803532 71% => OK
Preposition: 24.0 30.3222958057 79% => OK
Nominalization: 5.0 5.01324503311 100% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1275.0 1373.03311258 93% => OK
No of words: 247.0 270.72406181 91% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.16194331984 5.08290768461 102% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.96437052324 4.04702891845 98% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.58406815917 2.5805825403 100% => OK
Unique words: 137.0 145.348785872 94% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.554655870445 0.540411800872 103% => OK
syllable_count: 375.3 419.366225166 89% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 3.25607064018 92% => OK
Article: 8.0 8.23620309051 97% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 2.0 1.51434878587 132% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 14.0 13.0662251656 107% => OK
Sentence length: 17.0 21.2450331126 80% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 52.9547361587 49.2860985944 107% => OK
Chars per sentence: 91.0714285714 110.228320801 83% => OK
Words per sentence: 17.6428571429 21.698381199 81% => OK
Discourse Markers: 6.85714285714 7.06452816374 97% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 4.0 4.19205298013 95% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 2.0 4.33554083885 46% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 7.0 4.45695364238 157% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 5.0 4.27373068433 117% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.406932422608 0.272083759551 150% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.133946587415 0.0996497079465 134% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.121885052227 0.0662205650399 184% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.214631485137 0.162205337803 132% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.10989967221 0.0443174109184 248% => More connections among paragraphs wanted.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 11.7 13.3589403974 88% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 62.68 53.8541721854 116% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 8.7 11.0289183223 79% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.35 12.2367328918 101% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.51 8.42419426049 101% => OK
difficult_words: 63.0 63.6247240618 99% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 6.5 10.7273730684 61% => OK
gunning_fog: 8.8 10.498013245 84% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 75.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 22.5 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 75, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: didn't
... fossil structures discovered, the bees didnt exist on earth 200 million years ago. T...
^^^^^
Line 2, column 277, Rule ID: DID_BASEFORM[1]
Message: The verb 'did' requires the base form of the verb: 'preserve'
Suggestion: preserve
...il remains of actual bees. Bees did not preserved because bees need a resin liquid, but 2...
^^^^^^^^^
Line 2, column 386, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: didn't
...the trees that release the resin liquid didnt existed. Therefore, there were no liqui...
^^^^^
Line 3, column 419, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: doesn't
...e reading claims that fossil structures doesnt have some details and has diffrent patt...
^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, however, if, nevertheless, second, so, therefore, such as, to begin with, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 9.0 10.4613686534 86% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 3.0 5.04856512141 59% => OK
Conjunction : 4.0 7.30242825607 55% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 12.0 12.0772626932 99% => OK
Pronoun: 16.0 22.412803532 71% => OK
Preposition: 24.0 30.3222958057 79% => OK
Nominalization: 5.0 5.01324503311 100% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1275.0 1373.03311258 93% => OK
No of words: 247.0 270.72406181 91% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.16194331984 5.08290768461 102% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.96437052324 4.04702891845 98% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.58406815917 2.5805825403 100% => OK
Unique words: 137.0 145.348785872 94% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.554655870445 0.540411800872 103% => OK
syllable_count: 375.3 419.366225166 89% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 3.25607064018 92% => OK
Article: 8.0 8.23620309051 97% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 2.0 1.51434878587 132% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 14.0 13.0662251656 107% => OK
Sentence length: 17.0 21.2450331126 80% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 52.9547361587 49.2860985944 107% => OK
Chars per sentence: 91.0714285714 110.228320801 83% => OK
Words per sentence: 17.6428571429 21.698381199 81% => OK
Discourse Markers: 6.85714285714 7.06452816374 97% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 4.0 4.19205298013 95% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 2.0 4.33554083885 46% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 7.0 4.45695364238 157% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 5.0 4.27373068433 117% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.406932422608 0.272083759551 150% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.133946587415 0.0996497079465 134% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.121885052227 0.0662205650399 184% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.214631485137 0.162205337803 132% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.10989967221 0.0443174109184 248% => More connections among paragraphs wanted.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 11.7 13.3589403974 88% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 62.68 53.8541721854 116% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 8.7 11.0289183223 79% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.35 12.2367328918 101% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.51 8.42419426049 101% => OK
difficult_words: 63.0 63.6247240618 99% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 6.5 10.7273730684 61% => OK
gunning_fog: 8.8 10.498013245 84% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 75.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 22.5 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.