Large numbers of dinosaur fossils have been discovered in deposits on Alaska's North Slope, a region that today experiences an extremely cold, arctic climate. One hundred million years ago, when those dinosaurs were alive, the environment of the North Slope was already inhospitable, especially during the winter when it experienced several months of total darkness. How did the dinosaurs survive the wintertime? Paleontologists have proposed that one of the most common North Slope dinosaurs, the elephant-sized edmontosaur (Edmontosaurus), survived the winter by migrating south to more hospitable regions. Several arguments support the migration hypothesis.
First, the edmontosaur's diet supports the migration hypothesis. Edmontosaurs fed exclusively on plants. Since there would have been no plants growing during the cold and dark North Slope winter, it appears that the edmontosaur must have left for at least part of the year and migrated to more temperate zones to find food.
Second, many edmontosaur skeletons have been unearthed from the same site. This suggests that edmontosaurs lived in herds. Many modern-day migratory animals, such as caribou and buffalo, live and migrate in herds as well. Moving in herds helps animals coordinate their migration. The finding that edmontosaurs lived in herds further supports the migration hypothesis.
Finally, edmontosaurs were physically capable of migrating long distances. To reach more hospitable regions, the edmontosaur had to migrate about 1,600 kilometers southward. To make such a journey, the edmontosaur needed to move at about five kilometers per hour for several weeks, which it certainly could do. These animals could run very fast, reaching speeds up to 45 kilometers per hour. It could have easily used its locomotive power to move to warmer climates during the harsh arctic winters.
Both the passage and the lecture discuss about whether edmontosaur survived the winter by migrating south to more hospitable regions. And the passage proposes three arguments to support the migration hypothesis. But the lecture casts doubt on the arguments proposed in the passage.
First of all, the passage states that the diet of the edmontosaur supports the migration hypothesis, since there would have been no plants growing during cold and dark North Slope winter. However, the lecture refutes the passage by arguing that since the weather in North Slope area was warmer, and the edmontosaur could feed on nutritious dead plants in winter, it seems that they did not need to migrate.
Secondly, the passage mentions that many edmontosaurs' skeletons have been unearthed from the same site. This indicates that edmontosaurs lived in herds, which is similar to modern migratory animals. Nevertheless, the lecture counters the passage by pointing out that animals living in herds dose not mean that they are migratory, it could serve as other purpose, such as gaining extra protection. And the lecture gives the example of elk to support the argument.
Finally, the passage claims that edmontosaurs were physically capable of migrating long distances, which supports the argument that they are migratory. Yet the lecture disagrees with the passage. Instead, the lecture claims that young edmontosaurs may not be physically capable of migrating long distances. So the herd had to stay and wait for them. In this case, edmontosaurs were not able to migrate such long distances within such short period of time.
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Comments
Essay evaluations by e-grader
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 7, column 441, Rule ID: PERIOD_OF_TIME[1]
Message: Use simply 'period'.
Suggestion: period
...e such long distances within such short period of time.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, finally, first, however, may, nevertheless, second, secondly, so, such as, first of all
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 9.0 10.4613686534 86% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 5.0 5.04856512141 99% => OK
Conjunction : 8.0 7.30242825607 110% => OK
Relative clauses : 12.0 12.0772626932 99% => OK
Pronoun: 18.0 22.412803532 80% => OK
Preposition: 32.0 30.3222958057 106% => OK
Nominalization: 5.0 5.01324503311 100% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1363.0 1373.03311258 99% => OK
No of words: 257.0 270.72406181 95% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.30350194553 5.08290768461 104% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.00390054096 4.04702891845 99% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.63547379334 2.5805825403 102% => OK
Unique words: 146.0 145.348785872 100% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.568093385214 0.540411800872 105% => OK
syllable_count: 413.1 419.366225166 99% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 3.25607064018 92% => OK
Article: 6.0 8.23620309051 73% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 5.0 1.51434878587 330% => Less conjunction wanted as sentence beginning.
Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 14.0 13.0662251656 107% => OK
Sentence length: 18.0 21.2450331126 85% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 54.3807438909 49.2860985944 110% => OK
Chars per sentence: 97.3571428571 110.228320801 88% => OK
Words per sentence: 18.3571428571 21.698381199 85% => OK
Discourse Markers: 6.57142857143 7.06452816374 93% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 4.19205298013 24% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 5.0 4.33554083885 115% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 4.45695364238 90% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 5.0 4.27373068433 117% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.0642274874461 0.272083759551 24% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0215229517839 0.0996497079465 22% => Sentence topic similarity is low.
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0388118810746 0.0662205650399 59% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0424900446554 0.162205337803 26% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0512575706064 0.0443174109184 116% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.7 13.3589403974 95% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 53.21 53.8541721854 99% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.3 11.0289183223 93% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 13.46 12.2367328918 110% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.46 8.42419426049 100% => OK
difficult_words: 64.0 63.6247240618 101% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 11.0 10.7273730684 103% => OK
gunning_fog: 9.2 10.498013245 88% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
It is not exactly right on the topic in the view of e-grader. Maybe there is a wrong essay topic.
Rates: 3.33333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 1.0 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 7, column 441, Rule ID: PERIOD_OF_TIME[1]
Message: Use simply 'period'.
Suggestion: period
...e such long distances within such short period of time.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, finally, first, however, may, nevertheless, second, secondly, so, such as, first of all
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 9.0 10.4613686534 86% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 5.0 5.04856512141 99% => OK
Conjunction : 8.0 7.30242825607 110% => OK
Relative clauses : 12.0 12.0772626932 99% => OK
Pronoun: 18.0 22.412803532 80% => OK
Preposition: 32.0 30.3222958057 106% => OK
Nominalization: 5.0 5.01324503311 100% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1363.0 1373.03311258 99% => OK
No of words: 257.0 270.72406181 95% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.30350194553 5.08290768461 104% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.00390054096 4.04702891845 99% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.63547379334 2.5805825403 102% => OK
Unique words: 146.0 145.348785872 100% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.568093385214 0.540411800872 105% => OK
syllable_count: 413.1 419.366225166 99% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 3.25607064018 92% => OK
Article: 6.0 8.23620309051 73% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 5.0 1.51434878587 330% => Less conjunction wanted as sentence beginning.
Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 14.0 13.0662251656 107% => OK
Sentence length: 18.0 21.2450331126 85% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 54.3807438909 49.2860985944 110% => OK
Chars per sentence: 97.3571428571 110.228320801 88% => OK
Words per sentence: 18.3571428571 21.698381199 85% => OK
Discourse Markers: 6.57142857143 7.06452816374 93% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 4.19205298013 24% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 5.0 4.33554083885 115% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 4.45695364238 90% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 5.0 4.27373068433 117% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.0642274874461 0.272083759551 24% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0215229517839 0.0996497079465 22% => Sentence topic similarity is low.
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0388118810746 0.0662205650399 59% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0424900446554 0.162205337803 26% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0512575706064 0.0443174109184 116% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.7 13.3589403974 95% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 53.21 53.8541721854 99% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.3 11.0289183223 93% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 13.46 12.2367328918 110% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.46 8.42419426049 100% => OK
difficult_words: 64.0 63.6247240618 101% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 11.0 10.7273730684 103% => OK
gunning_fog: 9.2 10.498013245 88% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
It is not exactly right on the topic in the view of e-grader. Maybe there is a wrong essay topic.
Rates: 3.33333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 1.0 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.