Did bees (a type of insect) exist on Earth as early as 200 million years ago? Such a theory is supported by the discovery of very old fossil structures that resemble bee nests. The structures have been found inside 200- million-year-old fossilized trees in the state of Arizona in the southwestern United States. However, many skeptics doubt that the structures were created by bees. The skeptics support their view with several arguments.
No Fossils of Actual Bees
First, no fossil remains of actual bees have ever been found that date to 200 million years ago. The earliest preserved body of a bee is 100 million years old—only half as old as the fossilized structures discovered in
Arizona.
Absence of Flowering Plants
A second reason to doubt that bees existed 200 million years ago is the absence of flowering plants in that period. Today’s bees feed almost exclusively on the flowers of flowering plants; in fact, bees and flowering plants have evolved a close, mutually dependent biological relationship. Flowering plants, however, first appeared on Earth 125 million years ago. Given the bees’ close association with flowering plants, it is unlikely bees could have existed before that time.
Structures Lack Some Details
Third, while the fossilized structures found in Arizona are somewhat similar to nest chambers made by modern bees, they lack some of the finer details of bees’ nests. For example, chambers of modern bee nests are closed by caps that have a spiral pattern, but the fossilized chambers lack such caps. That suggests the fossilized structures were made by other insects, such as wood-boring beetles.
The article and lecture are both about the existence of the bees in the earth. The author present three theories about why the discovery of the fossil that have similar characteristics of the bees nest fails to prove the existence of the bee 200 million years ago. The lecturer dispute that claims made in the article. His position is that they are all incorrect.
According to the reading there is no existence of any record of finding of the bee fossils that dates back to 200 million year till this date. The article mentions that the oldest fossil found was only 100 million years ago, therefore, the articles argues that the structure could not have been created by the bees. This argument is challenged by the lecture. He claims the fossils of the bees are not found in present date due to the absence of the special trees that creates a special kind of resins in which the fossils of the bees are preserved. Additionally she pointed out that after the existence of such tree the fossil of the bees got preserved.
Secondly, the author suggests that, the flowering vegetation didn’t exist in that period. In the article it is said that flowering plants and bees are in symbiosis relation and they depend on each other for their survival. But, flowering flora came to an existence only 125 million years ago which proves that existence of the bees 200 million years ago highly unlikely. In the lecturer, however, assets that the bees might have feed on nonflowering plants such as pines and ferns and only after the existence of the flowering flora they start feeding on the nectars from such floras creating a balance and stable relation that exist till this date.
Finally the author points that the fossils lack special kind spiral caps that are presents in the fossil caps and are peculiar to the bees. In contrast, the lecturer’s stance is that, even though there is absence of spiral cap in the fossil. After thee careful chemical analysis leads to the find that the chemical composition of the water proofing in the discovered fossil is of exact match to present day bees, which proves that the discovered fossil is of bees.
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| 2023-09-07 | YasamanEsml | 88 | view |
| 2023-08-04 | sahel | 76 | view |
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| 2023-02-18 | reza_fattahi | 80 | view |
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 266, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_BEGINNING_RULE
Message: Three successive sentences begin with the same word. Reword the sentence or use a thesaurus to find a synonym.
...tence of the bee 200 million years ago. The lecturer dispute that claims made in th...
^^^
Line 3, column 551, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: Additionally,
... the fossils of the bees are preserved. Additionally she pointed out that after the existenc...
^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 7, column 1, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: Finally,
... relation that exist till this date. Finally the author points that the fossils lack...
^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, finally, however, second, secondly, therefore, in contrast, kind of, such as
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 17.0 10.4613686534 163% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 2.0 5.04856512141 40% => OK
Conjunction : 7.0 7.30242825607 96% => OK
Relative clauses : 22.0 12.0772626932 182% => OK
Pronoun: 31.0 22.412803532 138% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 53.0 30.3222958057 175% => OK
Nominalization: 16.0 5.01324503311 319% => Less nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1779.0 1373.03311258 130% => OK
No of words: 373.0 270.72406181 138% => Less content wanted.
Chars per words: 4.76943699732 5.08290768461 94% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.39467950092 4.04702891845 109% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.36211743773 2.5805825403 92% => OK
Unique words: 171.0 145.348785872 118% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.458445040214 0.540411800872 85% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 535.5 419.366225166 128% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.4 1.55342163355 90% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 3.25607064018 92% => OK
Article: 8.0 8.23620309051 97% => OK
Subordination: 2.0 1.25165562914 160% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 5.0 2.5761589404 194% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 16.0 13.0662251656 122% => OK
Sentence length: 23.0 21.2450331126 108% => OK
Sentence length SD: 64.0164773711 49.2860985944 130% => OK
Chars per sentence: 111.1875 110.228320801 101% => OK
Words per sentence: 23.3125 21.698381199 107% => OK
Discourse Markers: 5.0625 7.06452816374 72% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 3.0 4.19205298013 72% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 4.0 4.33554083885 92% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 5.0 4.45695364238 112% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 7.0 4.27373068433 164% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.391973008596 0.272083759551 144% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.122839451943 0.0996497079465 123% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.112865850659 0.0662205650399 170% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.241320230927 0.162205337803 149% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.106136359928 0.0443174109184 239% => More connections among paragraphs wanted.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.7 13.3589403974 95% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 65.05 53.8541721854 121% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.9 11.0289183223 90% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 10.68 12.2367328918 87% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 7.83 8.42419426049 93% => OK
difficult_words: 72.0 63.6247240618 113% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 7.5 10.7273730684 70% => OK
gunning_fog: 11.2 10.498013245 107% => OK
text_standard: 8.0 11.2008830022 71% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Write the essay in 20 minutes.
Rates: 60.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 18.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.