Starting in the 1960s and continuing until the 1980s, sailors in Russian submarines patrolling the North Atlantic and Arctic Ocean would occasionally hear strange sounds. These underwater noises reminded the submarine crews of frog croaks, so they called the sounds “quackers” (from the Russian word for frog sounds). The sources of the sound seemed to be moving with great speed and agility; however, the submarines’ sonar (a method of detecting objects underwater) was unable to detect any solid moving objects in the area. There are several theories about what might have caused the odd sounds.
The first theory suggests that the strange noises were actually the calls of male and female orca whales during a courtship ritual. Orca whales are known to inhabit the areas where the submarines were picking up the bizarre noises. Orcas have been studied extensively, and the sounds they make when trying to attract a mate are similar to those that the submarines were detecting.
A second idea is that the sounds were caused by giant squid. Giant squid are giant marine invertebrates that live deep in the ocean and prey on large fish. They are difficult to detect by sonar because they have soft bodies with no skeleton. Not much is known about giant squid behavior, but their complex brains suggest they are intelligent animals. It is possible they have the ability to emit sound, and perhaps they approached the submarines out of curiosity.
A third theory suggests the Russian submarines were picking up stray sounds from some military technology, like another country’s submarines that were secretly patrolling the area. Perhaps the foreign submarines did not register on the sonar because they were using a kind of technology specifically designed to make them undetectable by sonar. The strange froglike sounds may have been emitted by the foreign submarines unintentionally.
Recently, there has been a debate on the sound heard underwater(Quakers).More specifically, in the reading passage, the writer puts forth three possible theories that might have caused the unusual sounds.In the listening, the lecturer is quick to point out that there are some serious flaws in the writers claim.In fact, he believes and addresses, in detail, the trouble with each point made in the reading text.
First and foremost, the author of the reading states that the odd nose is caused by male and female orca during conception rituals.Some professional, in the same field, however, stand in firm opposition to this claim.In the listening, for example, the professor states the orca leaves in shallow water, while the submarine leaves in deep sea water.Therefore they would not detect the sound.
One group of scholars, represented by the writer, thinks that another cause could be the presence of grant squid because they reside in the ocean and feed on big fish. Of course, though, not all experts in the field believe this is accurate.Again, the speaker addresses this point by claiming that the giant squid are detected in 1960 and analysis has shown that it continues for twenty years.Moreover, squid stays in the ocean while the russian submarine were patrolling.Therefore the sound would have be heard if it was truly the quaint squid.
Finally, the author brings his argument to a close by suggesting that the submarines pick up sounds from military technology the same as other countries that hid while patrolling in the area.Not surprisingly, the professor takes issue with this by contending that the sonar sounds revolve around because the submarine produces engine noise.Moreover, there hasn't been any useful apparatus to build a fast submarines.
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 2, column 72, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: More
...te on the sound heard underwaterQuakers.More specifically, in the reading passage, t...
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Line 2, column 203, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: In
...at might have caused the unusual sounds.In the listening, the lecturer is quick to...
^^
Line 2, column 311, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: In
...some serious flaws in the writers claim.In fact, he believes and addresses, in det...
^^
Line 4, column 132, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: Some
...d female orca during conception rituals.Some professional, in the same field, howeve...
^^^^
Line 4, column 218, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: In
... stand in firm opposition to this claim.In the listening, for example, the profess...
^^
Line 4, column 273, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...g, for example, the professor states the orca leaves in shallow water, while the ...
^^
Line 4, column 350, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: Therefore
... the submarine leaves in deep sea water.Therefore they would not detect the sound. One...
^^^^^^^^^
Line 4, column 350, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: Therefore,
... the submarine leaves in deep sea water.Therefore they would not detect the sound. One...
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Line 6, column 242, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: Again
...s in the field believe this is accurate.Again, the speaker addresses this point by cl...
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Line 6, column 348, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
... squid are detected in 1960 and analysis has shown that it continues for twenty y...
^^
Line 6, column 395, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: Moreover
...hown that it continues for twenty years.Moreover, squid stays in the ocean while the rus...
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Line 6, column 474, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: Therefore
...e the russian submarine were patrolling.Therefore the sound would have be heard if it was...
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Line 6, column 474, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: Therefore,
...e the russian submarine were patrolling.Therefore the sound would have be heard if it was...
^^^^^^^^^
Line 6, column 505, Rule ID: HAVE_PART_AGREEMENT[1]
Message: Use past participle here: 'been'.
Suggestion: been
...trolling.Therefore the sound would have be heard if it was truly the quaint squid....
^^
Line 9, column 40, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
... Finally, the author brings his argument to a close by suggesting that the submar...
^^
Line 9, column 138, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...nds from military technology the same as other countries that hid while patroll...
^^
Line 9, column 155, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
... technology the same as other countries that hid while patrolling in the area.N...
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Line 9, column 165, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...y the same as other countries that hid while patrolling in the area.Not surpris...
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Line 9, column 196, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: Not
... that hid while patrolling in the area.Not surprisingly, the professor takes issue...
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Line 9, column 268, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...takes issue with this by contending that the sonar sounds revolve around because ...
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Line 9, column 309, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
... the sonar sounds revolve around because the submarine produces engine noise.Mor...
^^
Line 9, column 325, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[1]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'produces'' or 'produce's'?
Suggestion: produces'; produce's
...s revolve around because the submarine produces engine noise.Moreover, there hasnt bee...
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Line 9, column 333, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...e around because the submarine produces engine noise.Moreover, there hasnt been ...
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Line 9, column 348, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: Moreover
...e the submarine produces engine noise.Moreover, there hasnt been any useful apparatus...
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Line 9, column 364, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: hasn't
... produces engine noise.Moreover, there hasnt been any useful apparatus to build a f...
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Line 9, column 374, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
... engine noise.Moreover, there hasnt been any useful apparatus to build a fast sub...
^^
Line 9, column 413, Rule ID: A_PLURAL[2]
Message: Don't use indefinite articles with plural words. Did you mean 'submarine'?
Suggestion: submarine
...n any useful apparatus to build a fast submarines.
^^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
finally, first, however, if, moreover, so, therefore, while, for example, in fact, of course
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 11.0 10.4613686534 105% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 4.0 5.04856512141 79% => OK
Conjunction : 5.0 7.30242825607 68% => OK
Relative clauses : 9.0 12.0772626932 75% => More relative clauses wanted.
Pronoun: 19.0 22.412803532 85% => OK
Preposition: 38.0 30.3222958057 125% => OK
Nominalization: 4.0 5.01324503311 80% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1497.0 1373.03311258 109% => OK
No of words: 285.0 270.72406181 105% => OK
Chars per words: 5.25263157895 5.08290768461 103% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.10876417139 4.04702891845 102% => OK
Word Length SD: 3.02838525734 2.5805825403 117% => OK
Unique words: 172.0 145.348785872 118% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.60350877193 0.540411800872 112% => OK
syllable_count: 445.5 419.366225166 106% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 1.0 3.25607064018 31% => OK
Article: 8.0 8.23620309051 97% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 7.0 2.5761589404 272% => Less preposition wanted as sentence beginnings.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 5.0 13.0662251656 38% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 57.0 21.2450331126 268% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively long.
Sentence length SD: 94.6686854245 49.2860985944 192% => OK
Chars per sentence: 299.4 110.228320801 272% => Less chars_per_sentence wanted.
Words per sentence: 57.0 21.698381199 263% => Less words per sentence wanted.
Discourse Markers: 18.4 7.06452816374 260% => Less transition words/phrases wanted.
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 27.0 4.19205298013 644% => Less language errors wanted.
Sentences with positive sentiment : 2.0 4.33554083885 46% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 4.45695364238 67% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 0.0 4.27373068433 0% => More facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.123835360116 0.272083759551 46% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0639710228269 0.0996497079465 64% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0332217844974 0.0662205650399 50% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0701460658163 0.162205337803 43% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0358094148496 0.0443174109184 81% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 31.8 13.3589403974 238% => Automated_readability_index is high.
flesch_reading_ease: 13.62 53.8541721854 25% => Flesch_reading_ease is low.
smog_index: 13.0 5.55761589404 234% => Smog_index is high.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 25.5 11.0289183223 231% => Flesch kincaid grade is high.
coleman_liau_index: 14.06 12.2367328918 115% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 10.23 8.42419426049 121% => OK
difficult_words: 68.0 63.6247240618 107% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 27.5 10.7273730684 256% => Linsear_write_formula is high.
gunning_fog: 24.8 10.498013245 236% => Gunning_fog is high.
text_standard: 13.0 11.2008830022 116% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 83.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 25.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.