Pterosaurs
Already extinct for hundreds of millions of years, the large flying dinosaurs, pterosaurs, are still obsessing scientists who have reached no consensus on whether these reptiles were capable of powered flight. Although the passage claims that their ectothermy, heavy bodyweight and weak limbs rule out their capability of bird-like flight, the lecture sheds a new light on this problem.
Questioning the passage’s ectothermy theory that ectotherms cannot engage in strenuous activities due to their energy-saving mechanism, the lecture first points out that cold-bloodedness commonly seen in modern reptiles does not necessarily mean that their ancestors shared the same trait. Recent researches on pterosaur fossils also confirms the presence of skin hair on their bodies, a typical feature of endotherms. As they could been endotherms, their capability to perform powered flight might be probable, too
Then, it doesn’t take much effort for the lecture to solve the bodyweight problem. The passage overgeneralizes that weight increases in direct proportion to size, namely the larger, the heavier. However, according to the lecture, the study result that pterosaurs’ bones were hollow indicates that they could be both as large as a giraffe and light enough to stay airborne.
As to the ability to take off, a more thorough explanation is offered in the lecture. Despite the weak hind legs, which supposedly prevented pterosaurs from taking easily off the ground as birds do, they had something that birds don’t: two forelegs. As they were running up on all four legs like bats do, the combined propulsions could readily offset their weight, sending them into the sky.
- Which of the following measures would make a city safer Hiring more police officers and getting them properly trained to serve the public Increasing the number of rehab facilities to help people quit using illegal drugs Improving educational facilities to 60
- Cars 66
- Which of the following measures would make a city safer Hiring more police officers and getting them properly trained to serve the public Increasing the number of rehab facilities to help people quit using illegal drugs Improving educational facilities to 66
- Life today is easier and more comfortable than it was when your grandparents were children 70
- boys and girls 70
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 2, column 433, Rule ID: PRP_PAST_PART[2]
Message: Did you mean 'have been' or 'be'?
Suggestion: have been; be
...al feature of endotherms. As they could been endotherms, their capability to perform...
^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, first, however, so, still, then, as to
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 8.0 10.4613686534 76% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 5.0 5.04856512141 99% => OK
Conjunction : 2.0 7.30242825607 27% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 10.0 12.0772626932 83% => OK
Pronoun: 23.0 22.412803532 103% => OK
Preposition: 33.0 30.3222958057 109% => OK
Nominalization: 3.0 5.01324503311 60% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1421.0 1373.03311258 103% => OK
No of words: 261.0 270.72406181 96% => OK
Chars per words: 5.44444444444 5.08290768461 107% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.0193898071 4.04702891845 99% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.82275906897 2.5805825403 109% => OK
Unique words: 177.0 145.348785872 122% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.67816091954 0.540411800872 125% => OK
syllable_count: 418.5 419.366225166 100% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 3.25607064018 92% => OK
Article: 9.0 8.23620309051 109% => OK
Subordination: 4.0 1.25165562914 320% => Less adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 10.0 13.0662251656 77% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 26.0 21.2450331126 122% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively long.
Sentence length SD: 54.4519053845 49.2860985944 110% => OK
Chars per sentence: 142.1 110.228320801 129% => OK
Words per sentence: 26.1 21.698381199 120% => OK
Discourse Markers: 4.4 7.06452816374 62% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 4.19205298013 24% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 2.0 4.33554083885 46% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 5.0 4.45695364238 112% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 3.0 4.27373068433 70% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.117049257922 0.272083759551 43% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0501455791123 0.0996497079465 50% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0773472168121 0.0662205650399 117% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0720573037623 0.162205337803 44% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0429945835735 0.0443174109184 97% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 17.2 13.3589403974 129% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 45.09 53.8541721854 84% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 13.4 11.0289183223 121% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 14.57 12.2367328918 119% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 9.95 8.42419426049 118% => OK
difficult_words: 83.0 63.6247240618 130% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 19.0 10.7273730684 177% => OK
gunning_fog: 12.4 10.498013245 118% => OK
text_standard: 19.0 11.2008830022 170% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 90.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 27.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.