Did bees (a type of insect) exist on Earth as early as 200 million years ago? Such a theory is supported by the discovery of very old fossil structures that resemble bee nests. The structures have been found inside 200- million-year-old fossilized trees in the state of Arizona in the southwestern United States. However, many skeptics doubt that the structures were created by bees. The skeptics support their view with several arguments.
No Fossils of Actual Bees
First, no fossil remains of actual bees have ever been found that date to 200 million years ago. The earliest preserved body of a bee is 100 million years old—only half as old as the fossilized structures discovered in Arizona.
Absence of Flowering Plants
A second reason to doubt that bees existed 200 million years ago is the absence of flowering plants in that period. Today's bees feed almost exclusively on the flowers of flowering plants; in fact, bees and flowering plants have evolved a close, mutually dependent biological relationship. Flowering plants, however, first appeared on Earth 125 million years ago. Given the bees’ close association with flowering plants, it is unlikely bees could have existed before that time.
Structures Lack Some Details
Third, while the fossilized structures found in Arizona are somewhat similar to nest chambers made by modern bees, they lack some of the finer details of bees’ nests. For example, chambers of modern bee nests are closed by caps that have a spiral pattern, but the fossilized chambers lack such caps. That suggests the fossilized structures were made by other insects, such as wood-boring beetles.
Last try:03/10/2020 05:21Word Count: 329
The reading and lecture are about whether bees existed two hundred million years ago. In the reading, three explanations which contradicted the previous presence of the bees before 200 million years. The lecturer is the opinion of these interpretations are faulty.
Firstly, the author posits that the earliest fossils of the bees date from the 100 million years ago. Therefore, since there is no another fossils, the specific fossil found is probably not of the bees. This specific argument is challenged by the lecturer. She claims that absence of the fossil cannot be solid evidence that there was no bees before 200 million years. Moreover, one of the three ways which provides the suitable condition for maintenance of fossils is sticky liquid of the particular tree, and this tree had been rare until recent time. Thereby, the evidence of the presence of bees was not maintained although it existed before.
Secondly, in the reading, the theory that flower had not been in the world until 125 million years ago, and the bees which feeds only on flowers did not existed in the world before the commencement of life of flowers. However, the lecturer refutes this idea by mentioning that the bees probably were eating the non flower species such as pine trees, and adapted feeding on flowers once it appeared in the world. Afterwards, this adaptation have stayed stable so far during evolutionary history.
Finally, the author claims that the evidence of chamber of bees were lacking in caps. By contrast, there are caps in the chamber of modern bees, which means that the fossil is of the another insects but not the bees. The lecturer, nonetheless, states that chemical evidence of the water proof substance which was utilized by the bees to build chamber champions the presence of the early bees. The specific substance is similar to the material that is used by the contemporary bees, and it suggests that the fossil is the evidence of the previous bees.
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 3, column 129, Rule ID: NOW[2]
Message: Did you mean 'now' (=at this moment) instead of 'no' (negation)?
Suggestion: now
...on years ago. Therefore, since there is no another fossils, the specific fossil fo...
^^
Line 5, column 154, Rule ID: DID_BASEFORM[1]
Message: The verb 'did' requires the base form of the verb: 'exist'
Suggestion: exist
...ees which feeds only on flowers did not existed in the world before the commencement of...
^^^^^^^
Line 7, column 282, Rule ID: EN_COMPOUNDS
Message: This word is normally spelled as one.
Suggestion: waterproof
...s, states that chemical evidence of the water proof substance which was utilized by the bee...
^^^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, finally, first, firstly, however, if, moreover, nonetheless, second, secondly, so, therefore, such as
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 20.0 10.4613686534 191% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 1.0 5.04856512141 20% => OK
Conjunction : 6.0 7.30242825607 82% => OK
Relative clauses : 15.0 12.0772626932 124% => OK
Pronoun: 19.0 22.412803532 85% => OK
Preposition: 45.0 30.3222958057 148% => OK
Nominalization: 16.0 5.01324503311 319% => Less nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1641.0 1373.03311258 120% => OK
No of words: 330.0 270.72406181 122% => OK
Chars per words: 4.97272727273 5.08290768461 98% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.26214759535 4.04702891845 105% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.4958533103 2.5805825403 97% => OK
Unique words: 159.0 145.348785872 109% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.481818181818 0.540411800872 89% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 498.6 419.366225166 119% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 3.25607064018 92% => OK
Article: 10.0 8.23620309051 121% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 4.0 1.51434878587 264% => Less conjunction wanted as sentence beginning.
Preposition: 4.0 2.5761589404 155% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 16.0 13.0662251656 122% => OK
Sentence length: 20.0 21.2450331126 94% => OK
Sentence length SD: 47.8042476538 49.2860985944 97% => OK
Chars per sentence: 102.5625 110.228320801 93% => OK
Words per sentence: 20.625 21.698381199 95% => OK
Discourse Markers: 6.625 7.06452816374 94% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 3.0 4.19205298013 72% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 2.0 4.33554083885 46% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 5.0 4.45695364238 112% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 9.0 4.27373068433 211% => Less facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.290487280878 0.272083759551 107% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0928944262494 0.0996497079465 93% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0735584516178 0.0662205650399 111% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.175327297888 0.162205337803 108% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0670871270438 0.0443174109184 151% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.3 13.3589403974 92% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 59.64 53.8541721854 111% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.9 11.0289183223 90% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.55 12.2367328918 94% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.22 8.42419426049 98% => OK
difficult_words: 75.0 63.6247240618 118% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 6.5 10.7273730684 61% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.0 10.498013245 95% => OK
text_standard: 10.0 11.2008830022 89% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Write the essay in 20 minutes.
Rates: 73.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 22.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.