Did bees (a type of insect) exist on Earth as early as 200 million years ago? Such a theory is supported by the discovery of very old fossil structures that resemble bee nests. The structures have been found inside 200- million-year-old fossilized trees in the state of Arizona in the southwestern United States. However, many skeptics doubt that the structures were created by bees. The skeptics support their view with several arguments.
No Fossils of Actual Bees
First, no fossil remains of actual bees have ever been found that date to 200 million years ago. The earliest preserved body of a bee is 100 million years old—only half as old as the fossilized structures discovered in Arizona.
Absence of Flowering Plants
A second reason to doubt that bees existed 200 million years ago is the absence of flowering plants in that period. Today's bees feed almost exclusively on the flowers of flowering plants; in fact, bees and flowering plants have evolved a close, mutually dependent biological relationship. Flowering plants, however, first appeared on Earth 125 million years ago. Given the bees’ close association with flowering plants, it is unlikely bees could have existed before that time.
Structures Lack Some Details
Third, while the fossilized structures found in Arizona are somewhat similar to nest chambers made by modern bees, they lack some of the finer details of bees’ nests. For example, chambers of modern bee nests are closed by caps that have a spiral pattern, but the fossilized chambers lack such caps. That suggests the fossilized structures were made by other insects, such as wood-boring beetles.
Recently, there have been a ton of debates about the fossil structure found in the states of Arizona. More specifically, according to the passage, the writer puts forth the idea that the fossil structures were made by bees. In the listening, the lecturer is quick to point out there are some serious flaws in the writer's claims. The professor believes that the arguments in the reading passage are not convincing. Additionally, she addresses the trouble in each point made in the reading text.
First and foremost, the author of the reading passage states that no bees' remains have ever discovered that date to 200 million years ago. Some professionals in the same field, however, stand in firm opposition to this claim. In the listening, the professor states that scientists found that the fossilized tree, that kept the fossil structure inside it, was able to produce sticky liquid. She goes on to say that sticky liquid produced inside the tree helps in the preserving process of bees.
One group of scholars, represented by the writer, talks that flowering plants have not existed at that time. Of course, though, not all experts believe this is right. Again, the speaker specifically addresses this point when he states that early bees fed on non-flowering trees. However, bees adopted later to feed on flowering plants.
Finally, the author wraps his argument by positing that fossil chambers do not have some details. Not surprisingly, the lecturer takes this issue with his claim by contending that there is chemical evidence supports the bees' hypothesis. To be specific, Scientists found that the chemicals used in fossil structures for waterproofing resemble the chemicals in the modern bee nests.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
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| 2020-01-29 | nusybah | 78 | view |
| 2020-01-16 | 3dra | 66 | view |
| 2020-01-10 | Opak Pulup | 70 | view |
| 2019-12-10 | shrijan | 85 | view |
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 13, column 221, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[2]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'bees'' or 'bee's'?
Suggestion: bees'; bee's
...there is chemical evidence supports the bees hypothesis. To be specific, Scientists ...
^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
finally, first, however, if, so, of course
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 9.0 10.4613686534 86% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 0.0 5.04856512141 0% => OK
Conjunction : 1.0 7.30242825607 14% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 15.0 12.0772626932 124% => OK
Pronoun: 24.0 22.412803532 107% => OK
Preposition: 39.0 30.3222958057 129% => OK
Nominalization: 3.0 5.01324503311 60% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1444.0 1373.03311258 105% => OK
No of words: 279.0 270.72406181 103% => OK
Chars per words: 5.17562724014 5.08290768461 102% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.08696624509 4.04702891845 101% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.67308069728 2.5805825403 104% => OK
Unique words: 157.0 145.348785872 108% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.562724014337 0.540411800872 104% => OK
syllable_count: 428.4 419.366225166 102% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 3.25607064018 92% => OK
Article: 8.0 8.23620309051 97% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 5.0 2.5761589404 194% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 16.0 13.0662251656 122% => OK
Sentence length: 17.0 21.2450331126 80% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 29.1010497019 49.2860985944 59% => The essay contains lots of sentences with the similar length. More sentence varieties wanted.
Chars per sentence: 90.25 110.228320801 82% => OK
Words per sentence: 17.4375 21.698381199 80% => OK
Discourse Markers: 2.625 7.06452816374 37% => More transition words/phrases wanted.
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 4.19205298013 24% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 2.0 4.33554083885 46% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 5.0 4.45695364238 112% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 9.0 4.27373068433 211% => Less facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.285852092487 0.272083759551 105% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0758186403212 0.0996497079465 76% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0748857836009 0.0662205650399 113% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.153401095525 0.162205337803 95% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0618274529514 0.0443174109184 140% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 11.7 13.3589403974 88% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 62.68 53.8541721854 116% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 8.7 11.0289183223 79% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.47 12.2367328918 102% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.27 8.42419426049 98% => OK
difficult_words: 67.0 63.6247240618 105% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 8.0 10.7273730684 75% => OK
gunning_fog: 8.8 10.498013245 84% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 78.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 23.5 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.