Did bees (a type of insect) exist on Earth as early as 200 million years ago? Such a theory is supported by the discovery of very old fossil structures that resemble bee nests. The structures have been found inside 200- million-year-old fossilized trees in the state of Arizona in the southwestern United States. However, many skeptics doubt that the structures were created by bees. The skeptics support their view with several arguments.
No Fossils of Actual Bees
First, no fossil remains of actual bees have ever been found that date to 200 million years ago. The earliest preserved body of a bee is 100 million years old—only half as old as the fossilized structures discovered in Arizona.
Absence of Flowering Plants
A second reason to doubt that bees existed 200 million years ago is the absence of flowering plants in that period. Today's bees feed almost exclusively on the flowers of flowering plants; in fact, bees and flowering plants have evolved a close, mutually dependent biological relationship. Flowering plants, however, first appeared on Earth 125 million years ago. Given the bees’ close association with flowering plants, it is unlikely bees could have existed before that time.
Structures Lack Some Details
Third, while the fossilized structures found in Arizona are somewhat similar to nest chambers made by modern bees, they lack some of the finer details of bees’ nests. For example, chambers of modern bee nests are closed by caps that have a spiral pattern, but the fossilized chambers lack such caps. That suggests the fossilized structures were made by other insects, such as wood-boring beetles.
The reading and the lecture are both about the possibilty of bee's existence 200 million years ago. The author of the reading puts forth the idea that bees couldn't have existed that many years ago. The lecturer challenges the claim made by the author. He is of the opinion that all the reasonings of the author are faulty and bees actually could have existed 200 million years ago.
To begin with, the author argues that no fossil reamins of the bees are found that are 200 million years old. The article mentioned that they could have existed 100 million years ago as fossilzed structures suggest. This specific argument is challenged by the lecturer. She describes that a particular tree eliment is needed to preserve elements as fossils. It is a possibilty that the trees of the period 200 million years ago may not developed those elements. Additionally, she reasons bees actually could have existed but their fossils were not preserved.
Secondly, the writer suggests that absense of flowering trees prove that bees disn't existed at that time. In the article, it is stated that there is a mutual relationship of dependence among flower plants and bees, so without those tree, existence of bee was impossible. The lecturer, however, refutes this by mentioning that bees might have had a relation with other types of trees. She elaborates on
this by bringing up the point that pine trees and funs are very lucrative example of trees on which bees could have fed on at that
time.
Finally, the author posits that the structure of the fossilized chamber had some important differences with the modern bee's chamber
structure. Moreover, in the article it is said that the chamber has similarity with wood-boring bettles, so the fossils could be of other
type of insects. In contrast, the lecturer's position is that the chambers have same qualities as bee chambers, proved by means of chemical tests. She notes that both are water prove which helps to understand they are made by bees.
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- TOEFL integrated writing: Chevalier de Seingalt 3
- Toward the end of his life, the Chevalier de Seingalt (1725−1798) wrote a long memoir recounting his life and adventures. The Chevalier was a somewhat controversial figure, but since he met many famous people, including kings and writers, his memoir has 71
- Hail pieces of ice that form and fall from clouds instead of snow or rain has always been a problem for farmers in some areas of the United States Hail pellets can fall with great force and destroy crops in the field Over the last few decades a method of 52
- Did bees (a type of insect) exist on Earth as early as 200 million years ago? Such a theory is supported by the discovery of very old fossil structures that resemble bee nests. The structures have been found inside 200- million-year-old fossilized trees i 70
- Summarise the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they case doubt on specific points made in the reading passage. 3
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 136, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...go. The author of the reading puts forth the idea that bees couldnt have existed ...
^^
Line 1, column 157, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: couldn't
... reading puts forth the idea that bees couldnt have existed that many years ago. The l...
^^^^^^^
Line 1, column 199, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_BEGINNING_RULE
Message: Three successive sentences begin with the same word. Reword the sentence or use a thesaurus to find a synonym.
...uldnt have existed that many years ago. The lecturer challenges the claim made by t...
^^^
Line 5, column 274, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...ument is challenged by the lecturer. She describes that a particular tree eliment...
^^
Line 5, column 411, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...sibilty that the trees of the period 200 million years ago may not developed thos...
^^
Line 13, column 1, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Time
... which bees could have fed on at that time. Finally, the author posits that t...
^^^^
Line 19, column 1, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Structure
...ferences with the modern bees chamber structure. Moreover, in the article it is said th...
^^^^^^^^^
Line 21, column 1, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Type
...les, so the fossils could be of other type of insects. In contrast, the lecturers ...
^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
actually, but, finally, however, if, may, moreover, second, secondly, so, in contrast, to begin with
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 18.0 10.4613686534 172% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 7.0 5.04856512141 139% => OK
Conjunction : 5.0 7.30242825607 68% => OK
Relative clauses : 21.0 12.0772626932 174% => OK
Pronoun: 35.0 22.412803532 156% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 39.0 30.3222958057 129% => OK
Nominalization: 7.0 5.01324503311 140% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1673.0 1373.03311258 122% => OK
No of words: 337.0 270.72406181 124% => OK
Chars per words: 4.96439169139 5.08290768461 98% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.28457229495 4.04702891845 106% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.47765418552 2.5805825403 96% => OK
Unique words: 170.0 145.348785872 117% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.504451038576 0.540411800872 93% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 504.9 419.366225166 120% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 9.0 3.25607064018 276% => Less pronouns wanted as sentence beginning.
Article: 9.0 8.23620309051 109% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 4.0 2.5761589404 155% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 18.0 13.0662251656 138% => OK
Sentence length: 18.0 21.2450331126 85% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 30.2914342291 49.2860985944 61% => OK
Chars per sentence: 92.9444444444 110.228320801 84% => OK
Words per sentence: 18.7222222222 21.698381199 86% => OK
Discourse Markers: 5.55555555556 7.06452816374 79% => OK
Paragraphs: 7.0 4.09492273731 171% => Less paragraphs wanted.
Language errors: 8.0 4.19205298013 191% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 3.0 4.33554083885 69% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 4.45695364238 67% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 12.0 4.27373068433 281% => Less facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.396763330671 0.272083759551 146% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.129260513651 0.0996497079465 130% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.104255426719 0.0662205650399 157% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.168829694585 0.162205337803 104% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.124667875946 0.0443174109184 281% => More connections among paragraphs wanted.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 11.3 13.3589403974 85% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 61.67 53.8541721854 115% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.1 11.0289183223 83% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.49 12.2367328918 94% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.32 8.42419426049 99% => OK
difficult_words: 81.0 63.6247240618 127% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 7.5 10.7273730684 70% => OK
gunning_fog: 9.2 10.498013245 88% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Write the essay in 20 minutes.
Maximum four paragraphs wanted.
Rates: 70.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 21.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.