Did bees (a type of insect) exist on Earth as early as 200 million years ago? Such a theory is supported by the discovery of very old fossil structures that resemble bee nests. The structures have been found inside 200- million-year-old fossilized trees in the state of Arizona in the southwestern United States. However, many skeptics doubt that the structures were created by bees. The skeptics support their view with several arguments.
No Fossils of Actual Bees
First, no fossil remains of actual bees have ever been found that date to 200 million years ago. The earliest preserved body of a bee is 100 million years old—only half as old as the fossilized structures discovered in Arizona.
Absence of Flowering Plants
A second reason to doubt that bees existed 200 million years ago is the absence of flowering plants in that period. Today's bees feed almost exclusively on the flowers of flowering plants; in fact, bees and flowering plants have evolved a close, mutually dependent biological relationship. Flowering plants, however, first appeared on Earth 125 million years ago. Given the bees’ close association with flowering plants, it is unlikely bees could have existed before that time.
Structures Lack Some Details
Third, while the fossilized structures found in Arizona are somewhat similar to nest chambers made by modern bees, they lack some of the finer details of bees’ nests. For example, chambers of modern bee nests are closed by caps that have a spiral pattern, but the fossilized chambers lack such caps. That suggests the fossilized structures were made by other insects, such as wood-boring beetles.
The reading and the lecture are both about the bees existence on Earth as early as 200million years ago on the basis of very old fossil structure that resemble bee nest. whereas the reading states that the structure is doubtful to assure the presence of the bee at that time, the lecturer suggests the possibilty of the presence of the bee in the mean time. The lecturer puts forward several compelling reasons which cast doubt in the points made in the passage.
First of all, according to the reading, the unavialability of concrete bee fossil before 200 years ago by the people proving the bee's existence in question before that time. However, the lecturer refutes the argument. he says that the fossil may have not been found today due to an absence of the tree, which produce resins to preserve fossil of bee, during the time. So, the presence of fossil of bee may not be found today, but it doesnot mean that they had not existed at that time.
Secondly, the reading claims that flowering and bees have mutually dependent relationship; while flower evolved about 150 millions year ago, the presence of bees before that is impossible. Nevertheless, the lecturer disputes this claim. he believes that the bees used to survive in the environment before flowering plant by feeding on non flowering plant like pine. In addition, he points out that after the development of flowering plant, they might establish this obligate relationship with the flowering plant that we see todays.
Lastly, the passage states that the fossils has lack of details to call this as bees fossil. On the other hand, the lecturer dismisses this point by saying that even the fossils have not specialized structre, caps, they were proved as the bee structure with an evident chemical structure. it has serve the evidence of water proofing stucture that modern bee have today.
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 48, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[1]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'bees'' or 'bee's'?
Suggestion: bees'; bee's
...ding and the lecture are both about the bees existence on Earth as early as 200milli...
^^^^
Line 1, column 171, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Whereas
...ossil structure that resemble bee nest. whereas the reading states that the structure i...
^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 130, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[1]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'bees'' or 'bee's'?
Suggestion: bees'; bee's
...200 years ago by the people proving the bees existence in question before that time....
^^^^
Line 3, column 219, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: He
...ver, the lecturer refutes the argument. he says that the fossil may have not been ...
^^
Line 5, column 238, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: He
...less, the lecturer disputes this claim. he believes that the bees used to survive ...
^^
Line 7, column 290, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: It
...ure with an evident chemical structure. it has serve the evidence of water proofin...
^^
Line 7, column 297, Rule ID: HAVE_PART_AGREEMENT[1]
Message: Use past participle here: 'served'.
Suggestion: served
...h an evident chemical structure. it has serve the evidence of water proofing stucture...
^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, first, however, lastly, may, nevertheless, second, secondly, so, whereas, while, in addition, first of all, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 6.0 10.4613686534 57% => More to be verbs wanted.
Auxiliary verbs: 3.0 5.04856512141 59% => OK
Conjunction : 3.0 7.30242825607 41% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 17.0 12.0772626932 141% => OK
Pronoun: 28.0 22.412803532 125% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 47.0 30.3222958057 155% => OK
Nominalization: 13.0 5.01324503311 259% => Less nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1552.0 1373.03311258 113% => OK
No of words: 315.0 270.72406181 116% => OK
Chars per words: 4.92698412698 5.08290768461 97% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.21286593061 4.04702891845 104% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.48002552023 2.5805825403 96% => OK
Unique words: 162.0 145.348785872 111% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.514285714286 0.540411800872 95% => OK
syllable_count: 472.5 419.366225166 113% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 6.0 3.25607064018 184% => OK
Article: 11.0 8.23620309051 134% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 4.0 2.5761589404 155% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 14.0 13.0662251656 107% => OK
Sentence length: 22.0 21.2450331126 104% => OK
Sentence length SD: 50.0662825968 49.2860985944 102% => OK
Chars per sentence: 110.857142857 110.228320801 101% => OK
Words per sentence: 22.5 21.698381199 104% => OK
Discourse Markers: 9.28571428571 7.06452816374 131% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 7.0 4.19205298013 167% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 2.0 4.33554083885 46% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 4.45695364238 90% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 8.0 4.27373068433 187% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.337309178266 0.272083759551 124% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.116092263573 0.0996497079465 117% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.111523607157 0.0662205650399 168% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.202292959684 0.162205337803 125% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0735363605727 0.0443174109184 166% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.0 13.3589403974 97% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 57.61 53.8541721854 107% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.7 11.0289183223 97% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.61 12.2367328918 95% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.24 8.42419426049 98% => OK
difficult_words: 70.0 63.6247240618 110% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 13.0 10.7273730684 121% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.8 10.498013245 103% => OK
text_standard: 13.0 11.2008830022 116% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 85.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 25.5 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.