Hail—pieces of ice that form and fall from clouds instead of snow or rain—has always been a problem for farmers in some areas of the United States. Hail pellets can fall with great force and destroy crops in the field. Over the last few decades, a method of reducing hail, called "cloud seeding," has been tried. In cloud seeding, the chemical silver iodide is sprayed on storm clouds from an airplane. This makes the clouds produce harmless rain or snow instead of hail. Several pieces of evidence suggest that cloud seeding has been effective in protecting crops from hail.
Laboratory experiments
Experiments in the laboratory support the idea that cloud seeding is effective. Hail usually forms water vapor that is close to the freezing point However, when experimenters added silver iodide to cold water vapor in the laboratory, they often observed light snow forming instead of hail pellets.
Evidence from Asia
There is evidence about the effectiveness of cloud seeding from several countries around the world. In some Asian countries, for example, cloud seeding has been successfully used to control precipitation in urban areas. These positive results suggest that cloud seeding should also be effective in protecting fields and farms in the United States.
Local studies
A few local studies also support the value of cloud seeding. One study conducted in a farming region in the central United States, for example, directly monitored crop damage due to hail. The study found that in an area where cloud seeding was used there was reduced hail damage compared to previous years.
The author and the lecturer are both discussing cloud seeding as a method of reducing hail. The author provides some reasons to support that this method is really advantageous and beneficial. The lecturer, however, states that this method is not necessarily effective and supplies some reasons to conflict with reasons claimed by the author.
First of all, the author demonstrates that laboratory experiments have shown that cloud seeding is an efficient way to diminish the hail and works very well. The lecturer argues this claim. She states that it is true that under some experimental conditions adding iodide to cold water reduces the hail. However, under natural conditions, particularly in places with rare rainy weathers, this may result in drought and seed damages.
Additionally, the author mentions that evidence from Asia proves that the mentioned method works efficiently. On the other hand, the lecturer insists that just by looking at evidence in a specific part of Asia, which was mostly urban areas with a high amount of pollution, we cannot state that the method works in other parts of the world like the united states. Especially, in farming areas with a fewer amount of pollution, the cloud seeding process can perform differently.
Finally, it has been mentioned in the text that studies of local farming regions show that the cloud seeding process reduces the hail damage, and hence, it is effective. The lecturer believes that this reason is totally inconveniencing and conflicts with it. She states that studies in neighboring areas have shown that the hail damage was reduced also in those regions. Therefore, this reduction might have been a result of a natural change rather than the cloud seeding method.
In a nutshell, the lecturer provides some evidence and examples to clarify that the mentioned reasons in the text are not necessarily true and they don't prove the efficiency of the cloud seeding method.
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Comments
Essay evaluations by e-grader
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 193, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_BEGINNING_RULE
Message: Three successive sentences begin with the same word. Reword the sentence or use a thesaurus to find a synonym.
... is really advantageous and beneficial. The lecturer, however, states that this met...
^^^
Line 5, column 149, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: don't
... text are not necessarily true and they dont prove the efficiency of the cloud seedi...
^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, finally, first, hence, however, if, look, may, really, so, therefore, well, first of all, it is true, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 12.0 10.4613686534 115% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 4.0 5.04856512141 79% => OK
Conjunction : 9.0 7.30242825607 123% => OK
Relative clauses : 17.0 12.0772626932 141% => OK
Pronoun: 31.0 22.412803532 138% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 37.0 30.3222958057 122% => OK
Nominalization: 6.0 5.01324503311 120% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1627.0 1373.03311258 118% => OK
No of words: 315.0 270.72406181 116% => OK
Chars per words: 5.16507936508 5.08290768461 102% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.21286593061 4.04702891845 104% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.62699899291 2.5805825403 102% => OK
Unique words: 157.0 145.348785872 108% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.498412698413 0.540411800872 92% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 497.7 419.366225166 119% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 7.0 3.25607064018 215% => Less pronouns wanted as sentence beginning.
Article: 10.0 8.23620309051 121% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 4.0 2.5761589404 155% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 15.0 13.0662251656 115% => OK
Sentence length: 21.0 21.2450331126 99% => OK
Sentence length SD: 50.7049855099 49.2860985944 103% => OK
Chars per sentence: 108.466666667 110.228320801 98% => OK
Words per sentence: 21.0 21.698381199 97% => OK
Discourse Markers: 8.33333333333 7.06452816374 118% => OK
Paragraphs: 5.0 4.09492273731 122% => OK
Language errors: 2.0 4.19205298013 48% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 8.0 4.33554083885 185% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 6.0 4.45695364238 135% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 1.0 4.27373068433 23% => More facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.181098622817 0.272083759551 67% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0678548078627 0.0996497079465 68% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0327452252912 0.0662205650399 49% => Sentences are similar to each other.
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.105906677934 0.162205337803 65% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0267084779847 0.0443174109184 60% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.4 13.3589403974 100% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 50.16 53.8541721854 93% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 11.5 11.0289183223 104% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.71 12.2367328918 104% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.64 8.42419426049 103% => OK
difficult_words: 79.0 63.6247240618 124% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 8.5 10.7273730684 79% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.4 10.498013245 99% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 73.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 22.0 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 193, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_BEGINNING_RULE
Message: Three successive sentences begin with the same word. Reword the sentence or use a thesaurus to find a synonym.
... is really advantageous and beneficial. The lecturer, however, states that this met...
^^^
Line 5, column 149, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: don't
... text are not necessarily true and they dont prove the efficiency of the cloud seedi...
^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, finally, first, hence, however, if, look, may, really, so, therefore, well, first of all, it is true, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 12.0 10.4613686534 115% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 4.0 5.04856512141 79% => OK
Conjunction : 9.0 7.30242825607 123% => OK
Relative clauses : 17.0 12.0772626932 141% => OK
Pronoun: 31.0 22.412803532 138% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 37.0 30.3222958057 122% => OK
Nominalization: 6.0 5.01324503311 120% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1627.0 1373.03311258 118% => OK
No of words: 315.0 270.72406181 116% => OK
Chars per words: 5.16507936508 5.08290768461 102% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.21286593061 4.04702891845 104% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.62699899291 2.5805825403 102% => OK
Unique words: 157.0 145.348785872 108% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.498412698413 0.540411800872 92% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 497.7 419.366225166 119% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 7.0 3.25607064018 215% => Less pronouns wanted as sentence beginning.
Article: 10.0 8.23620309051 121% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 4.0 2.5761589404 155% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 15.0 13.0662251656 115% => OK
Sentence length: 21.0 21.2450331126 99% => OK
Sentence length SD: 50.7049855099 49.2860985944 103% => OK
Chars per sentence: 108.466666667 110.228320801 98% => OK
Words per sentence: 21.0 21.698381199 97% => OK
Discourse Markers: 8.33333333333 7.06452816374 118% => OK
Paragraphs: 5.0 4.09492273731 122% => OK
Language errors: 2.0 4.19205298013 48% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 8.0 4.33554083885 185% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 6.0 4.45695364238 135% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 1.0 4.27373068433 23% => More facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.181098622817 0.272083759551 67% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0678548078627 0.0996497079465 68% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0327452252912 0.0662205650399 49% => Sentences are similar to each other.
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.105906677934 0.162205337803 65% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0267084779847 0.0443174109184 60% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.4 13.3589403974 100% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 50.16 53.8541721854 93% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 11.5 11.0289183223 104% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.71 12.2367328918 104% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.64 8.42419426049 103% => OK
difficult_words: 79.0 63.6247240618 124% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 8.5 10.7273730684 79% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.4 10.498013245 99% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 73.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 22.0 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.