Hail—pieces of ice that form and fall from clouds instead of snow or rain—has always been a problem for farmers in some areas of the United States. Hail pellets can fall with great force and destroy crops in the field. Over the last few decades, a method of reducing hail, called “cloud seeding,” has been tried. In cloud seeding, the chemical silver iodide is sprayed on storm clouds from an airplane. This makes the clouds produce harmless rain or snow instead of hail. Several pieces of evidence suggest that cloud seeding has been effective in protecting crops from hail.
Laboratory experiments
Experiments in the laboratory support the idea that cloud seeding is effective. Hail usually forms in water vapor that is close to the freezing point. However, when experimenters added silver iodide to cold water vapor in the laboratory, they often observed light snow forming instead of hail pellets.
Evidence from Asia
There is evidence about the effectiveness of cloud seeding from several countries around the world. In some Asian countries, for example, cloud seeding has been successfully used to control precipitation in urban areas. These positive results suggest that cloud seeding should also be effective in protecting fields and farms in the United States.
Local studies
A few local studies also support the value of cloud seeding. One study conducted in a farming region in the central United States, for example, directly monitored crop damage due to hail. The study found that in an area where cloud seeding was used there was reduced hail damage compared to previous years.
Both the reading passage and the lecture discuss whether cloud seeding is an effective method to protect crops from hailing. The former presents three pieces of evidence to support his claim that the cloud seeding is effective, but the latter contradicts each of these reasonings.
First of all, the passage states that the lab experiments have proofed silver iodide is capable of forming light snow instead of hail when mixed with cold water. However, the lecturer contends that this doesn't happen in real life because silver iodide can stop all types of precipitations. Therefore, drought can take place because of lack of rain and water. Hence, cloud seeding is not an effective way to prevent hail.
Secondly, the text mentions that the result of cloud seeding in Asian urban area indicates the effectiveness of this method. In contrast, the speaker asserts that the evidence is misleading, since the air of the urban area is highly polluted, and hence provide favorable condition for cloud seeding. On the other hand, the air of the farming area in united states is unpolluted, and that's why cloud seeding is not effective in that region.
Finally, the author of the article presents the findings of local studies, which found that the damage of crops due to hail significantly declined due to cloud seeding. Conversely, the lecture counters that the results of these studies are not convincing as hail damage reduced in all of the neighboring regions in that particular year. This could be the result of natural variation of local whether, not for the cloud seeding.
In conclusion, based on the reasons mentioned above, the lecture argues that the argument of the passage is not as tenable as it stands.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2023-03-01 | zaid | 73 | view |
| 2023-03-01 | zaid | 76 | view |
| 2023-01-18 | nikki07hung | 78 | view |
| 2022-09-17 | Ibne Arabi | 76 | view |
| 2022-06-30 | ellen87713 | 90 | view |
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Comments
Essay evaluations by e-grader
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 3, column 204, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: doesn't
...owever, the lecturer contends that this doesnt happen in real life because silver iodi...
^^^^^^
Line 5, column 384, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: that's
...rea in united states is unpolluted, and thats why cloud seeding is not effective in t...
^^^^^
Line 7, column 282, Rule ID: ALL_OF_THE[1]
Message: Simply use 'all the'.
Suggestion: all the
...ot convincing as hail damage reduced in all of the neighboring regions in that particular ...
^^^^^^^^^^
Line 7, column 429, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...cal whether, not for the cloud seeding. In conclusion, based on the reasons ment...
^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, conversely, finally, first, hence, however, if, second, secondly, so, therefore, in conclusion, in contrast, first of all, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 11.0 10.4613686534 105% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 3.0 5.04856512141 59% => OK
Conjunction : 5.0 7.30242825607 68% => OK
Relative clauses : 12.0 12.0772626932 99% => OK
Pronoun: 17.0 22.412803532 76% => OK
Preposition: 39.0 30.3222958057 129% => OK
Nominalization: 5.0 5.01324503311 100% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1438.0 1373.03311258 105% => OK
No of words: 285.0 270.72406181 105% => OK
Chars per words: 5.04561403509 5.08290768461 99% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.10876417139 4.04702891845 102% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.55533045966 2.5805825403 99% => OK
Unique words: 154.0 145.348785872 106% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.540350877193 0.540411800872 100% => OK
syllable_count: 433.8 419.366225166 103% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 1.0 3.25607064018 31% => OK
Article: 9.0 8.23620309051 109% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 3.0 1.51434878587 198% => OK
Preposition: 4.0 2.5761589404 155% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 13.0 13.0662251656 99% => OK
Sentence length: 21.0 21.2450331126 99% => OK
Sentence length SD: 35.8809669182 49.2860985944 73% => OK
Chars per sentence: 110.615384615 110.228320801 100% => OK
Words per sentence: 21.9230769231 21.698381199 101% => OK
Discourse Markers: 11.1538461538 7.06452816374 158% => OK
Paragraphs: 5.0 4.09492273731 122% => OK
Language errors: 4.0 4.19205298013 95% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 4.0 4.33554083885 92% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 8.0 4.45695364238 179% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 1.0 4.27373068433 23% => More facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.196584661003 0.272083759551 72% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0666179658457 0.0996497079465 67% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0357478223367 0.0662205650399 54% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0903125993585 0.162205337803 56% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0496496664141 0.0443174109184 112% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.3 13.3589403974 100% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 58.62 53.8541721854 109% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.3 11.0289183223 93% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.01 12.2367328918 98% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 9.11 8.42419426049 108% => OK
difficult_words: 80.0 63.6247240618 126% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 10.5 10.7273730684 98% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.4 10.498013245 99% => OK
text_standard: 11.0 11.2008830022 98% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 76.6666666667 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 23.0 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 3, column 204, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: doesn't
...owever, the lecturer contends that this doesnt happen in real life because silver iodi...
^^^^^^
Line 5, column 384, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: that's
...rea in united states is unpolluted, and thats why cloud seeding is not effective in t...
^^^^^
Line 7, column 282, Rule ID: ALL_OF_THE[1]
Message: Simply use 'all the'.
Suggestion: all the
...ot convincing as hail damage reduced in all of the neighboring regions in that particular ...
^^^^^^^^^^
Line 7, column 429, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...cal whether, not for the cloud seeding. In conclusion, based on the reasons ment...
^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, conversely, finally, first, hence, however, if, second, secondly, so, therefore, in conclusion, in contrast, first of all, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 11.0 10.4613686534 105% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 3.0 5.04856512141 59% => OK
Conjunction : 5.0 7.30242825607 68% => OK
Relative clauses : 12.0 12.0772626932 99% => OK
Pronoun: 17.0 22.412803532 76% => OK
Preposition: 39.0 30.3222958057 129% => OK
Nominalization: 5.0 5.01324503311 100% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1438.0 1373.03311258 105% => OK
No of words: 285.0 270.72406181 105% => OK
Chars per words: 5.04561403509 5.08290768461 99% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.10876417139 4.04702891845 102% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.55533045966 2.5805825403 99% => OK
Unique words: 154.0 145.348785872 106% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.540350877193 0.540411800872 100% => OK
syllable_count: 433.8 419.366225166 103% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 1.0 3.25607064018 31% => OK
Article: 9.0 8.23620309051 109% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 3.0 1.51434878587 198% => OK
Preposition: 4.0 2.5761589404 155% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 13.0 13.0662251656 99% => OK
Sentence length: 21.0 21.2450331126 99% => OK
Sentence length SD: 35.8809669182 49.2860985944 73% => OK
Chars per sentence: 110.615384615 110.228320801 100% => OK
Words per sentence: 21.9230769231 21.698381199 101% => OK
Discourse Markers: 11.1538461538 7.06452816374 158% => OK
Paragraphs: 5.0 4.09492273731 122% => OK
Language errors: 4.0 4.19205298013 95% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 4.0 4.33554083885 92% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 8.0 4.45695364238 179% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 1.0 4.27373068433 23% => More facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.196584661003 0.272083759551 72% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0666179658457 0.0996497079465 67% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0357478223367 0.0662205650399 54% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0903125993585 0.162205337803 56% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0496496664141 0.0443174109184 112% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.3 13.3589403974 100% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 58.62 53.8541721854 109% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.3 11.0289183223 93% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.01 12.2367328918 98% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 9.11 8.42419426049 108% => OK
difficult_words: 80.0 63.6247240618 126% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 10.5 10.7273730684 98% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.4 10.498013245 99% => OK
text_standard: 11.0 11.2008830022 98% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 76.6666666667 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 23.0 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.