The little ice age was a period of unusually cold temperature in many parts of the world that lasted from about the year 1350 until 1900CE. There were unusually harsh winters, and glaciers grew larger in many areas. Scientist have long wondered what caused the Little Ice Age. Several possible causes have been proposed.
First, the cooling may have been caused by disrupting of ocean currents. Before the Little Ice Age, there was a period of unusually warm weather during which glaciers melted. These melted glaciers sent a large amount of cold freshwater into the Gulf Stream, a large ocean current that strongly affects Earth's climate. Some scientists believe that this freshwater was enough to temporarily disrupt the Gulf Stream. Such a disruption could have caused the Little Ice Age.
Second, volcanic eruption could have caused the Little Ice Age. When volcanoes erupt, they send dark clouds of dust and sulfur gas into the atmosphere. These clouds, which can spread over great areas, block some sunlight from reaching Earth's surface. This can decrease the global temperatures. Scientists know of several volcanic eruption that took place during the Little Ice Age.
Third, substantial decreases in human populations may have contributed indirectly to the cooling of the climate. For a variety of reason(disease, warfare, social disruption), the human population just before the Little Ice Age and during the early part of it was lower than it had been in a long time. Forest trees started growing on fields that were no longer used for agriculture. Since trees absorb carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, they decrease the greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm. With more forest trees carbon dioxide, earth became cooler.
The reading passage discusses several causes that might have led to the little ice age. However, the speaker in the lecture casts doubt on the claims made in the article. He mentions that the arguments in the article are outdated and new information simply disproves all of them.
First and foremost, the author believes that the disruption of the gulf stream by the melting glaciers could be the reason behind the drop in earth's temperature. The lecturer, on the other hand, points out that if this was the case, the decrease in temperature should have been observed only in Europe and North America. On the contrary, the cooling effect affected the southern hemisphere too, such as New Zealand and South Africa. Thus, this hypothesis could not be true.
Secondly, the writer argues that volcanic activity could have sent dust into the atmosphere, which, in turn, would have blocked sunlight and decreased global temperatures. In contrast, the lecturer brings the fact that people at this time did not report any visual effects, which are expected under these circumstances, such as a colored sun or brown snow. Hence, this argument lacks coherence.
Lastly, the author contends that the decline in human population during this era allowed more trees to grow in forests and as a result, these trees absorbed most of the carbon dioxide, which is the greenhouse gas responsible for keeping the earth warm. The lecturer challenges this proposal. He holds that there was not enough time for this to happen as the human population started to regrow fairly quickly cutting down trees and clearing up forests for agriculture. Consequently, the trees were not there long enough to cause a cooling effect on earth.
- Pterosaurs were an ancient group of winged reptiles that lived alongside the dinosaurs. Many pterosaurs were very large, some as large as a giraffe and with a wingspan of over 12 meters. Paleontologists have long wondered whether large pterosaurs were cap 90
- many people believe that greed, or the desire to have more wealth than other people have, is a bad characteristic; people who are greedy are often considered selfish or unkind. However, some people argue that greed is actually a good characteristic for a 90
- Like many creatures, humpback whales migrate long distances for feeding and mating purposes. How animals manage to migrate long distances is often puzzling. In the case of humpback whales, we may have found the answer: they may be navigating by the stars, 78
- Private collectors have been selling and buying fossils, the petrified remains of ancient organisms, ever since the eighteenth century. In recent years, however, the sale of fossils, particularly of dinosaurs and other large vertebrates, has grown into a 3
- Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The extended family (grandparents, cousins, aunts, and uncles) is less important now than it was in the past. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. 75
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 9, column 396, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
.... Hence, this argument lacks coherence. Lastly, the author contends that the dec...
^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
consequently, first, hence, however, if, lastly, second, secondly, so, thus, in contrast, such as, as a result, on the contrary, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 9.0 10.4613686534 86% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 6.0 5.04856512141 119% => OK
Conjunction : 8.0 7.30242825607 110% => OK
Relative clauses : 10.0 12.0772626932 83% => OK
Pronoun: 20.0 22.412803532 89% => OK
Preposition: 31.0 30.3222958057 102% => OK
Nominalization: 6.0 5.01324503311 120% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1442.0 1373.03311258 105% => OK
No of words: 283.0 270.72406181 105% => OK
Chars per words: 5.09540636042 5.08290768461 100% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.10153676581 4.04702891845 101% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.52329975749 2.5805825403 98% => OK
Unique words: 178.0 145.348785872 122% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.628975265018 0.540411800872 116% => OK
syllable_count: 430.2 419.366225166 103% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 5.0 3.25607064018 154% => OK
Article: 11.0 8.23620309051 134% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 4.0 2.5761589404 155% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 14.0 13.0662251656 107% => OK
Sentence length: 20.0 21.2450331126 94% => OK
Sentence length SD: 62.2155568182 49.2860985944 126% => OK
Chars per sentence: 103.0 110.228320801 93% => OK
Words per sentence: 20.2142857143 21.698381199 93% => OK
Discourse Markers: 10.4285714286 7.06452816374 148% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 4.19205298013 24% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 3.0 4.33554083885 69% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 8.0 4.45695364238 179% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 3.0 4.27373068433 70% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.0763289086231 0.272083759551 28% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0270797262214 0.0996497079465 27% => Sentence topic similarity is low.
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0432636186981 0.0662205650399 65% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0464892205953 0.162205337803 29% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0220401704281 0.0443174109184 50% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.7 13.3589403974 95% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 59.64 53.8541721854 111% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.9 11.0289183223 90% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.3 12.2367328918 101% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.76 8.42419426049 104% => OK
difficult_words: 74.0 63.6247240618 116% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 10.5 10.7273730684 98% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.0 10.498013245 95% => OK
text_standard: 10.0 11.2008830022 89% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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It is not exactly right on the topic in the view of e-grader. Maybe there is a wrong essay topic.
Rates: 3.33333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 1.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.