Many scientists believe it would be possible to maintain a permanent human presence on Mars or the Moon. On the other hand, conditions on Venus are so extreme and inhospitable that maintaining a human presence there would be impossible.
First, atmospheric pressure at Venus' surface is at least 90 times greater than the pressure at Earth’s surface. This means that a force of 100 kilograms is pressing down on every square centimeter of surface. All spacecraft that have landed on Venus have been crushed by this extreme pressure within an hour of landing. Almost anything humans might land on Venus would be crushed as well.
Second, as far as we know, there are no reservoirs of water on Venus’ surface, and the planet’s atmosphere, made up mostly of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and sulfuric acid, contains hardly any oxygen or water vapor. Water and oxygen would therefore probably have to be supplied to Venus from Earth. The idea of ensuring a regular supply of water and oxygen from Earth is impractical in the extreme and would probably defeat the purpose of establishing a permanent station on Venus.
Third, very little sunlight reaches the planet’s surface. About 60 percent of the sunlight that hits Venus is reflected back into space by the thick clouds that fill the atmosphere, which means that only 40 percent of the sunlight can get through the clouds. Below these clouds is a dense layer of carbon dioxide, which blocks even more light, so very little light reaches the surface. The lack of light would prevent the use of solar power cells, so humans could not get electricity to power their machines and equipment.
The reading passage says that permanent Station on Venus opossite of the percense of human on Mars or the Moon, is impossible because some reason. However, the lecture casts doubt on this view.
The speaker says that the pressure at Venus' surface which is at least 90 times greater than the pressure at Earth's surface, is not a reasonable explanation for impossibility of station on Venus. Because there are a pressure similar the Earth at the around 50 kilometers of Venus and if the station establish there, that station will not have any problem with pressure at that position.
The lecturer also refutes the reading' s claim about absence of any water and oxygen on the Venus' s surface which make it impossible to station of human on that place. She explains that because there are some compounds like carbon dioxide and sulfuric acid on Venus, if the station be on the atmosphere of it, the oxygen can be produced by some chemical process. So there are not any needs for bring oxygen from Earth.
Finally, she explains that the clouds which are around the Venus are not so thick to make a crucial problem for sunlight to get through it. And she claims that if the station be at atmosphere, the reflection of the sunlight by clouds can be absorbed by the station. And this lights can make electricity which it needs at that position without any problem.
At the end, the speaker says that it is possible for humans to think about permanent station on venus.
- A fossil skeleton of a dinosaur called Sinosauropteryx, preserved in volcanic ash, was discovered in Liaoning, China, in 1996. Interestingly, the fossil included a pattern of fine lines surrounding the skeletal bones. Some paleontologists interpret the li 70
- independenttpo46 3
- Some parent offer their school-age children money for each high grade (mark) they get in school Do you think this is a good idea?Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. 66
- Starting in the 1960s and continuing until the 1980s, sailors in Russian submarines patrolling the North Alantic and Arctic Ocean would occasionally hear strange sounds. These underwater noises reminded the submarine crews of frog croaks, so they called t 60
- Carved stone balls are a curious type of artifact found at a number of locations in Scotland. They date from the late Neolithic period, around 4,000 years ago. They are round in shape; they were carved from several types of stone; most are about 70 mm in 70
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, finally, however, if, so, at least
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 13.0 10.4613686534 124% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 4.0 5.04856512141 79% => OK
Conjunction : 6.0 7.30242825607 82% => OK
Relative clauses : 14.0 12.0772626932 116% => OK
Pronoun: 20.0 22.412803532 89% => OK
Preposition: 41.0 30.3222958057 135% => OK
Nominalization: 14.0 5.01324503311 279% => Less nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1215.0 1373.03311258 88% => OK
No of words: 258.0 270.72406181 95% => OK
Chars per words: 4.70930232558 5.08290768461 93% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.00778971557 4.04702891845 99% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.41515170433 2.5805825403 94% => OK
Unique words: 120.0 145.348785872 83% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.46511627907 0.540411800872 86% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 380.7 419.366225166 91% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 3.25607064018 92% => OK
Article: 7.0 8.23620309051 85% => OK
Subordination: 2.0 1.25165562914 160% => OK
Conjunction: 2.0 1.51434878587 132% => OK
Preposition: 1.0 2.5761589404 39% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 11.0 13.0662251656 84% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 23.0 21.2450331126 108% => OK
Sentence length SD: 50.9658774197 49.2860985944 103% => OK
Chars per sentence: 110.454545455 110.228320801 100% => OK
Words per sentence: 23.4545454545 21.698381199 108% => OK
Discourse Markers: 3.63636363636 7.06452816374 51% => More transition words/phrases wanted.
Paragraphs: 5.0 4.09492273731 122% => OK
Language errors: 0.0 4.19205298013 0% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 2.0 4.33554083885 46% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 4.45695364238 90% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 5.0 4.27373068433 117% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.130290767618 0.272083759551 48% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0605269261771 0.0996497079465 61% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0508105484571 0.0662205650399 77% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0946873990336 0.162205337803 58% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0411818482693 0.0443174109184 93% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.5 13.3589403974 94% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 56.59 53.8541721854 105% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 11.1 11.0289183223 101% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 10.33 12.2367328918 84% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 7.78 8.42419426049 92% => OK
difficult_words: 49.0 63.6247240618 77% => More difficult words wanted.
linsear_write_formula: 14.0 10.7273730684 131% => OK
gunning_fog: 11.2 10.498013245 107% => OK
text_standard: 11.0 11.2008830022 98% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 73.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 22.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.