Passage:
In 1957 a European silver coin dating to the eleventh century was discovered at a Native American archaeological site in the state of Maine in the United States. Many people believed the coin had been originally brought to North America by European explorers known as the Norse, who traveled across the Atlantic Ocean and came into contact with Native Americans almost a thousand years ago.
However, some archaeologists believe that the coin is not a genuine piece of historical evidence but a historical fake: they think that the coin was placed at the site recently by someone who wanted to mislead the public. There are three main reasons why some archaeologists believe that the coin is not genuine historical evidence.
Great Distance from Norse Settlements
First, the Native American site in Maine where the coin was discovered is located very far from other sites documenting a Norse presence in North America. Remains of Norse settlements have been discovered in far eastern Canada. The distance between the Maine site and the Norse settlements in Canada is more than a thousand kilometers, suggesting the coin has no real connection with the settlements.
No Other Coins Found
A second problem is that no other coins have been found at the Canadian sites that were inhabited by the Norse. This suggests that the Norse did not bring any silver coins with them to their North American settlements.
No Use for European Coins
Third, the Norse who traveled to North America would have understood that silver coins would most likely be useless to them. Silver coins may have been in wide use in Europe at the time, but the Norse, as experienced explorers, would have known that native North Americans did not recognize silver coins as money.
Lecture:
Actually many archaeologists believe that the coin discussed in the reading is not a fake. They believe it represents genuine evidence that the Norse came into contact with Native Americans a thousand years ago.
First, the great distance of the Maine site from the Norse settlements in Canada. Well, many other objects found at that same Native American site had come from faraway places. Not just the coin. There's a perfectly reasonable historical explanation for these objects. The Native Americans who lived at the Maine site traveled great distances within North America. They were interested in obtaining objects from faraway places. The Native Americans could have reached the Norse settlements during their travels and brought the silver coin back to Maine.
Second, does the fact that we found no other coins at Norse settlements mean that the Norse didn't bring any coins with them? Not necessarily. The Norse didn't create permanent settlements in North America. At some point, they went back to Europe. When they packed for their return voyage, they packed up all their valuable possessions. They would have packed up all silver coins they had as well. So it's completely possible that the Norse had origina lly brought the coins with them to North America, but when they returned to Europe, they took the coins back with them.
Third, it's true that Native Americans wouldn't have viewed coins as money in the same way we do today or the way the Norse did in Europ e. But the Norse probably knew that the Native Americans valued attractive or unusual objects. Silver coins might have been very appealing because of their beauty. For example, they could have been used in necklaces or other types of jewelry. As long as Native Americans found the coins interesting and beautiful, the Norse could have used the coins to trade with them.
The passage and the lecture are about the authenticity of a silver coin found at a Native American archaeological site in the United States. In the passage, three reasons are mentioned to prove that the Norse did not bring the silver coin to the Native American site. However, the professor does not find these reasons convincing. She points out that many archaeologists believe that this coin is not fake.
To begin with, the author of the passage claims that the great distance between the Native American site and other Norse settlements shows that there is no connection between the Norse and the discovered coin. The professor mentions that some other objects from far away have been found in the same site. The reasonable explanation is that Native Americans were interested in traveling and obtaining objects from far. Therefore, it is possible that the coin was brought to the site by Natives.
According to the passage, the second reason is that there is no other coin in the site. The professor points out that the Norse did not have permanent settlements, and they went back to Europe after a while. It means that they could have packed up all the silver coins and took them back to Europe with them.
Finally, the professor says that it is true that Native Americans did not consider silver coins as money, but they valued the coins as beautiful objects that could be used in jewelry.
Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
---|---|---|---|
2023-07-19 | Zmx_6 | 85 | view |
2023-06-29 | YasamanEsml | 80 | view |
2023-06-27 | Vivian Chang | 76 | view |
2023-02-16 | reza_fattahi | 80 | view |
2022-11-25 | nikki07hung | 85 | view |
- Passage In 1912 a bookseller named Wilfrid M Voynich acquired a beautifully illustrated handwritten book manuscript written on vellum vellum is a material that was used for writing before the introduction of paper The Voynich manuscript as it became known 78
- Some students prefer to study and do homework alone Others prefer to study and work on class assignments with a group of fellow students which do you prefer Why 60
- Passage In 1957 a European silver coin dating to the eleventh century was discovered at a Native American archaeological site in the state of Maine in the United States Many people believed the coin had been originally brought to North America by European 77
- Passage A little over 2 200 years ago the Roman navy attacked the Greek port city of Syracuse According to some ancient historians the Greeks defended themselves with an ingenious weapon called a burning mirror a polished copper surface curved to focus th 63
- Do you agree or disagree with the following statement The best way to truly relax and reduce stress is to spend time alone 60
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, finally, however, if, second, so, then, therefore, while, it is true, to begin with
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 13.0 10.4613686534 124% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 2.0 5.04856512141 40% => OK
Conjunction : 7.0 7.30242825607 96% => OK
Relative clauses : 14.0 12.0772626932 116% => OK
Pronoun: 25.0 22.412803532 112% => OK
Preposition: 28.0 30.3222958057 92% => OK
Nominalization: 3.0 5.01324503311 60% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1161.0 1373.03311258 85% => OK
No of words: 241.0 270.72406181 89% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 4.81742738589 5.08290768461 95% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.94007293032 4.04702891845 97% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.46366127955 2.5805825403 95% => OK
Unique words: 119.0 145.348785872 82% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.49377593361 0.540411800872 91% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 363.6 419.366225166 87% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 3.25607064018 92% => OK
Article: 8.0 8.23620309051 97% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 2.0 1.51434878587 132% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 12.0 13.0662251656 92% => OK
Sentence length: 20.0 21.2450331126 94% => OK
Sentence length SD: 42.5143766533 49.2860985944 86% => OK
Chars per sentence: 96.75 110.228320801 88% => OK
Words per sentence: 20.0833333333 21.698381199 93% => OK
Discourse Markers: 7.33333333333 7.06452816374 104% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 0.0 4.19205298013 0% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 6.0 4.33554083885 138% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 1.0 4.45695364238 22% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 5.0 4.27373068433 117% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.272685986438 0.272083759551 100% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.111419620814 0.0996497079465 112% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0824400563678 0.0662205650399 124% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.172997183768 0.162205337803 107% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0747675400949 0.0443174109184 169% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 11.3 13.3589403974 85% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 59.64 53.8541721854 111% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.9 11.0289183223 90% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 10.68 12.2367328918 87% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 7.05 8.42419426049 84% => OK
difficult_words: 37.0 63.6247240618 58% => More difficult words wanted.
linsear_write_formula: 11.0 10.7273730684 103% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.0 10.498013245 95% => OK
text_standard: 11.0 11.2008830022 98% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 73.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 22.0 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.