TPO47
Paleontologists have long wondered whether large pterosaurs were capable of powered flight or whether they were able only to glide. The reading states some arguments which have been made by doubters against powered flight. The lecturer, however, finds the idea dubious and casts doubt on the reasons proposed by the reading passage.
First, the author points out since modern reptiles are cold-blooded, ancient reptiles such as pterosaurs were probably cold-blooded as well. As a result, they cannot provide the energy which flying needs, for they have slow metabolism. Conversely, the lecturer mentions some evidence like their dens hair or fur covering which found in recent researches. These evidences indicate these animals were warm-blooded, for this properties are typical of warm-blooded animal. As a result, their body was capable to supply enough energy for flying.
Furthermore, the reading passage holds the view that because of pterosaurs’ heavy weight, they would not have been able to flap their wings fast enough to stay aloft for any length of time. On the contrary, the professor underlines the fact that, however, these animal had huge dimensions, they had light weight. Some properties, like hollow bones instead of solid one, lessened their mass unusually.
Finally, the reading questions the pterosaurs’ powered flight, for their back leg muscles were not strong enough to allow them to run fast enough or jump high enough to launch themselves into the air. In contrast, the speaker dismisses this issue due to the fact that they had four limbs for running like bats, and used all of them to push off the ground. In fact, despite the birds which used only two limbs to walk, they used four limbs, and this issue helped them to run or jump in order to launching, even with their small and weak muscles.
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- TPO43 85
- When you give money to charitable organizations do you prefer to choose how the donation will be used for example donate money on food or service or advertisement for organizations or leave the decision to the organizations 87
- Some people say people taking risks can be more successful than people who are careful and cautious. What is your opinion? Please give specific details and examples in your answer. 73
- TPO47 80
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 5, column 419, Rule ID: THIS_NNS[1]
Message: Did you mean 'these'?
Suggestion: these
...te these animals were warm-blooded, for this properties are typical of warm-blooded ...
^^^^
Line 9, column 82, Rule ID: HEAVY_WEIGHT[1]
Message: Did you mean 'heavyweight'?
Suggestion: heavyweight
...e view that because of pterosaurs' heavy weight, they would not have been able to flap ...
^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 9, column 305, Rule ID: LIGHT_WEIGHT[1]
Message: Did you mean 'lightweight'?
Suggestion: lightweight
...se animal had huge dimensions, they had light weight. Some properties, like hollow bones ins...
^^^^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
conversely, finally, first, furthermore, however, so, well, in contrast, in fact, such as, as a result, on the contrary
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 10.0 10.4613686534 96% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 2.0 5.04856512141 40% => OK
Conjunction : 8.0 7.30242825607 110% => OK
Relative clauses : 7.0 12.0772626932 58% => More relative clauses wanted.
Pronoun: 26.0 22.412803532 116% => OK
Preposition: 36.0 30.3222958057 119% => OK
Nominalization: 1.0 5.01324503311 20% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1552.0 1373.03311258 113% => OK
No of words: 299.0 270.72406181 110% => OK
Chars per words: 5.19063545151 5.08290768461 102% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.1583189471 4.04702891845 103% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.59254497956 2.5805825403 100% => OK
Unique words: 179.0 145.348785872 123% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.598662207358 0.540411800872 111% => OK
syllable_count: 452.7 419.366225166 108% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 7.0 3.25607064018 215% => Less pronouns wanted as sentence beginning.
Article: 8.0 8.23620309051 97% => OK
Subordination: 2.0 1.25165562914 160% => OK
Conjunction: 2.0 1.51434878587 132% => OK
Preposition: 5.0 2.5761589404 194% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 14.0 13.0662251656 107% => OK
Sentence length: 21.0 21.2450331126 99% => OK
Sentence length SD: 40.4659090583 49.2860985944 82% => OK
Chars per sentence: 110.857142857 110.228320801 101% => OK
Words per sentence: 21.3571428571 21.698381199 98% => OK
Discourse Markers: 8.5 7.06452816374 120% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 3.0 4.19205298013 72% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 7.0 4.33554083885 161% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 5.0 4.45695364238 112% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 2.0 4.27373068433 47% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.526219253169 0.272083759551 193% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.161593403346 0.0996497079465 162% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.135791465751 0.0662205650399 205% => The coherence between sentences is low.
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.289486741611 0.162205337803 178% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0563519991091 0.0443174109184 127% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.7 13.3589403974 103% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 58.62 53.8541721854 109% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.3 11.0289183223 93% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.82 12.2367328918 105% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.06 8.42419426049 96% => OK
difficult_words: 64.0 63.6247240618 101% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 8.0 10.7273730684 75% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.4 10.498013245 99% => OK
text_standard: 10.0 11.2008830022 89% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 80.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.