Pterosaurs were an ancient group of winged reptiles that lived alongside the dinosaurs. Many pterosaurs were very large, some as large as a giraffe and with a wingspan of over 12 meters. Paleontologists have long wondered whether large pterosaurs were capable of powered flight (flying by flapping their wings) or whether they were able only to glide. Several arguments have been made against powered flight. Doubters point out that since modern reptiles are cold-blooded, ancient reptiles such as pterosaurs were probably cold-blooded as well. Cold-blooded animals typically have a slow metabolism and are unable to produce a lot of energy. Powered flight is an activity requiring a lot of energy, which is why all modern vertebrates that fly are warm-blooded, not cold-blooded. It seemed unlikely that pterosaurs would have been able to generate the energy needed to fly. Second, there is a limit to the weight of animals that can be kept airborne by powered flight. Pterosaurs that were as large as a giraffe were probably so heavy that they would not have been able to flap their wings fast enough to stay aloft for any length of time. Third, all animals with powered flight are able to take off from the ground. For example, birds take off by jumping from their legs or running to gain speed and then jumping. But these methods would not have worked for large pterosaurs. Large pterosaurs would have needed big, powerful muscles in their back legs to launch themselves into the air, and we know from fossilized bones that their back leg muscles were too small and weak to allow the pterosaurs to run fast enough or jump high enough to launch themselves into the air.
The reading and the lecture are both talks about the power flight of pterosaurs, whereas the author in the reading suggests the pterosaurs are cold blooded reptiles and provide argument that pterosaurs are unable to power flight. Conversely, the lecture refutes the idea that exposed in the reading passage, she gives specific reasons that explicitly contradict the reading passage.
First of all, the lecture claims that pterosaurs are able to power flight. In the reading the writer suggest that pterosaurs are cold blooded reptiles hence they are incapable to begets sufficient amount of energy for power flight. But, according to lecture, pterosaur’s fossil evidence says that they are worm blooded animal, the lecture also strengthens her idea, she says that pterosaurs had dense hair and fur that make it able to maintain body temperature like warm blooded animal.
Second, the reading claims that pterosaur’s heavy weight restricts them to flap their wings in order to flight. However, the speaker argues that pterosaur seems to be weighty but actually their anatomy suggests their hollow bone structure make the power flight possible.
Third, the reading mentions weak back legs of pterosaur are not able to jumping or running which is most crucial for power flight. On the contrary, the lecture says that difference between bird and pterosaur are obvious, they jump by using four legs instead of two back legs like bird do. The participation of four legs make pterosaur plausible to jump from the ground.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2019-12-06 | marii.r67 | 80 | view |
| 2019-11-13 | shirley5001 | 80 | view |
| 2019-11-13 | shirley5001 | 80 | view |
| 2019-11-03 | Seema Modak | 78 | view |
| 2019-11-03 | Seema Modak | 78 | view |
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 5, column 50, Rule ID: HEAVY_WEIGHT[1]
Message: Did you mean 'heavyweight'?
Suggestion: heavyweight
...he reading claims that pterosaur's heavy weight restricts them to flap their wings in o...
^^^^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
actually, also, but, conversely, first, hence, however, if, second, so, then, third, whereas, first of all, on the contrary
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 11.0 10.4613686534 105% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 0.0 5.04856512141 0% => OK
Conjunction : 6.0 7.30242825607 82% => OK
Relative clauses : 12.0 12.0772626932 99% => OK
Pronoun: 22.0 22.412803532 98% => OK
Preposition: 27.0 30.3222958057 89% => OK
Nominalization: 4.0 5.01324503311 80% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1289.0 1373.03311258 94% => OK
No of words: 244.0 270.72406181 90% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.28278688525 5.08290768461 104% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.95227774224 4.04702891845 98% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.57325814573 2.5805825403 100% => OK
Unique words: 130.0 145.348785872 89% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.532786885246 0.540411800872 99% => OK
syllable_count: 382.5 419.366225166 91% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 3.25607064018 92% => OK
Article: 9.0 8.23620309051 109% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 10.0 13.0662251656 77% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 24.0 21.2450331126 113% => OK
Sentence length SD: 55.2221875699 49.2860985944 112% => OK
Chars per sentence: 128.9 110.228320801 117% => OK
Words per sentence: 24.4 21.698381199 112% => OK
Discourse Markers: 12.3 7.06452816374 174% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 4.19205298013 24% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 2.0 4.33554083885 46% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 6.0 4.45695364238 135% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 2.0 4.27373068433 47% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.135368235524 0.272083759551 50% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0674612049827 0.0996497079465 68% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0278654649631 0.0662205650399 42% => Sentences are similar to each other.
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0895619204285 0.162205337803 55% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0147911074299 0.0443174109184 33% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 15.6 13.3589403974 117% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 47.12 53.8541721854 87% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 12.7 11.0289183223 115% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 13.64 12.2367328918 111% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.39 8.42419426049 100% => OK
difficult_words: 55.0 63.6247240618 86% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 11.0 10.7273730684 103% => OK
gunning_fog: 11.6 10.498013245 110% => OK
text_standard: 11.0 11.2008830022 98% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 80.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.